The Economic And Social Effects Of Globalization On Jamaica

â€Å"Life and Debt† is a documentary that examines the economic and social effects of globalization on Jamaica. The movie mainly describes the affects of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank’s structural adjustment programs. While these funds are created to help developing countries become more developed, the documentary shows how the reforms were not successful in Jamaica and put the country in debt. This paper will discuss the portrayal of globalization in the documentary, and how globalization can affect people through different scale—both locally and globally. The documentary depicts globalization as way in which countries are interconnected around the world and affect each other through various economic, social, and political processes. The documentary particularly focuses on the economic affects of globalization, by examining the affects of economic liberalization and the internationalization of finance through organizations such as the Inter national Monetary Fund and structural adjustment programs. Loans given by the IMF to developing countries such as Jamaica do not help them develop, but instead prevent them from advancing economically and socially. The advancements that these loans have guaranteed have not occurred, and the policies that have been imposed with the loans have negatively impacted the majority of the Jamaican population. Many local workers, especially farmers, have lost their jobs as goods are imported from other countries. The country isShow MoreRelatedEconomic Globalization- Life and Debt1516 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic Globalization- Life and Debt The world is constantly becoming smaller and smaller as time progresses. A process of globalization is rapidly turning the world as we know it into economic opportunity waiting to be exploited. A large factor in this process is due to the advent of technology which is becoming more and more readily available to lesser developed countries. Countries such as Jamaica and other LDC’s are primary targets of economic globalization. In the film Life and Debt by StephanieRead MoreGlobalization And Its Effect On Society1546 Words   |  7 PagesJoona A. Pang Ant 126 The term globalization is so saturated with conclusive idealism that such economic philosophy can only appear to intend principles of fairness or freedom. Before the 18th century, the belief was that societies were in a state of decline amongst ancient civilizations. However, during the Enlightenment period, the notion of progress became pervasive, which eventually prompted sociological and cultural revolution, the Western stage theories of progress. In the course,Read MoreStructural Adjustment Policies Require Borrowing Countries1513 Words   |  7 PagesTypical stabilization policies comprise of balance of payment deficit, deregulation and budget deficit reduction. Typical adjustment policies include reduction of trade barriers, privatization, cut in social spending, increased free trade. Situation in Greece is totally opposite to that of Jamaica. Budget deficit, balance of payment deficit and pension reform is the main reason due to which Greece is looking for third bailout in last 5 years. Accepting bailout program will help Greece to exit theRead MoreThe World System Theory And Developmental Studies1442 Words   |  6 PagesForces of globalization are real and their influences are felt everywhere. It entails free trade, free mobility of both financial and real capital, and rapid diffusion of products, technologies, and information and consumption patterns. As indicated in the 1999 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development, in the age of globalization, Governments’ policy choices have shifted in favor of openness of trade and financial flow. Policies calling for lighter regulation of industry, privatizationRead MoreInternational Business : Cross Border Commerce1460 Words   |  6 Pagesand profitable. Having a basic understanding of globalization leads to building a more solid foundation of understanding the environmental aspects impacting international global businesses today. By applying trade investment theories, one can also explore global financial markets and monetary systems that affect cross border commerce. Ultimately leading to consider entering the global market. Examine The Process of Business Globalization Globalization is a termed used to describe the interaction ofRead MoreThe Concept Of Cultural Erasure, Inequality And Violence1791 Words   |  8 Pageserected from colonialism is globalization. Since globalization is a direct effect of colonialism, it is no surprise that globalization influences the same categories as postcolonialism (government, culture, education and economy), making the two concepts almost synonymous— with minimal differences. Globalization is defined as the integration of economics and communications of nations through increased contact by technology. Globalization dominates the economic and social side of the field while postcolonialismRead MoreControversy in Banana Industry1566 Words   |  7 Pagesbananas may only look like a fruit, they represent a wide variety of environmental, economic, social, and political problems. The banana trade symbolizes economic imperialism, injustices in the global trade market, and the globalization of the agricultur al economy. Bananas are also number four on the list of staple crops in the world and one of the biggest profit makers in supermarkets, making them critical for economic and global food security. As one of the first tropical fruits to be exported, bananasRead MoreChapter 3 Managing in a Global Environment Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 3- Managing in a Global Environment Notes * Today’s companies and managers operate in a borderless world that provides both risks and opportunities * Globalization- Refers to the extent to which trade and investments, information, ideas, and political cooperation flow between countries * The most globalized countries according to one ranking are Belgium, Austria, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Swden * Managers can move their companies into the international arena on a varietyRead MoreSocial Issues Affecting Females in Jamaica1834 Words   |  8 PagesEducation and Social Issues –Females In Jamaica Education is important for everyone, but it is especially significant for girls and women. This is true not only because education is an entry point to other opportunities, but also because the educational achievements of women can have ripple effects within the family and across generations. Investing in girls education is one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty and girl’s results are principally high dividends. In Jamaica I think/ believeRead More A Political and Cultural History of Jamaica Essay2589 Words   |  11 PagesSituated just south of Cuba in the Caribbean Sea, Jamaica is well known as a popular tourist spot and the birthplace of reggae music. Populated initially by native Arawak Indians, who gave the island its name, â€Å"land of wood and water (Jamaica).† However, this beautiful land’s almost pristine beauty was shattered by outbursts of violence surrounding the 1980 political elections. This fighting was sparked by the people’s m istrust of the ruling socialist party at the time. The reasons for this fighting

The Usefulness Of Teams In Baseball - 1300 Words

their team to teams with deeper pockets. The A’s have the least money of any major league team. The cards are stacked against them with no star players, no money, and no edge in scouting new players. About six months later, the team had won more than 100 games including a twenty-game winning streak in August. (2002 Oakland Athletics Season, 2017) How did they do it? By all measures used at that time, the A’s should’ve had a down year. They should have been one of the weakest teams in baseball. Despite this, they finished first in their division and tied for the most wins in the league. (2002 Oakland Athletics Season, 2017) The secret to their success was data driven analysis of player performance, which they used to find†¦show more content†¦Because of this, evidence must be presented to these companies by data analysts and statisticians that their models are going to provide the best information which will lead to the highest rate of return on th e businesses investments. Data analysis, research analysis, statistical analysis, and any other kind of career involving the analysis of factors used to advise employers on decision making are all in a rapidly growing field. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, â€Å"Employment of operations research analysts is projected to grow 27 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations.† (Operations Research Analysts, 2017) Referring to data analysis, Chris Matthews said, â€Å"†¦it is a very broad field†¦ it may seem saturated but there’s a lot of people doing that because there’s a need for that, and it’s gonna continue to grow.† (Matthews, 2017) Because of this rapid growth, many techniques and ways of completing analyses are becoming outdated. According to Moreno, â€Å"Analytical methods and tools trail both the appetite and ambition of most business leaders: 23% of analytics professionals are still using spreadsheets as thei r primary tool for data analysis.† He also includes that â€Å"There is a dire needShow MoreRelatedRegression of Baseball Player Salaries Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The Major League Baseball (MLB) organization is a group of baseball teams that have made it to the Major League. The Major League Baseball data set provides the 2005 salaries of multiple Major League Baseball (MLB) teams as well as individual salaries of players within 30 teams (Lind, Marchal Wathen, 2008). The MLB data set gives information such as batting averages, wins, salaries, home runs, errors, etc (Lind, Marchal Wathen, 2008). Two specific teams stand out of the informationRead MoreProject Manager : Mgt609 Team H. 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Indeed, the Utility-Based Approach proposes that â€Å"three,† being the smallest possible number that denotes a group, is a useful entity when recalling a tale whose audience is assumed to either (1) desire mental relaxation

Death penalty †capital punishment Free Essays

Death penalty has begun a long time ago, perhaps since Eighteenth Century B.C.   And a hundred or maybe even thousand numbers of murderers and criminals have been sentenced of it. We will write a custom essay sample on Death penalty – capital punishment or any similar topic only for you Order Now    But the question still remains and is always debatable whether it is just right to have death penalty or not. I may not be directly affected by this capital punishment. But at the back of my mind, I also ask why there must be death penalty or not.   And as I balanced my views and ideas about this, the thought that there should no death penalty weighs more. Now, let’s take a look on the history of death penalty. This punishment has long been practiced since the times of King Hammurabi of Babylon for 25 different crimes. Death penalty was also made as the only punishment for all crimes according to Draconian Code of Athens, Hittite Code and Roman Law of Twelve Tablets.   The punishment of death is carried through drowning, hanging, burning alive, crucifixion, beating to death, and beheading.   And take note of the crimes they considered punishable by death penalty: not confessing to a crime, treason, cutting down and tree and stealing. (Death Penalty Information Center, 2007) America was then influenced by Britain during the colonial period.   And the offenses punishable of death includes stealing grapes, killing chickens, denying the â€Å"true God† or striking one’s parents. Seeing that these are only minor offenses if taken into considerations, abolitionist movements were formed. Some became successful of abolishing the death penalty like in Austria and Pennsylvania except for murder and treason. However, it progress again in Twentieth Century and five out of six abolitionist countries reinstated their death penalty as the America enters World War I.   The good thing is that the number of executions decreased as other nations agreed that the death penalty be limited if not abolished. So even at that time, there are movements of abolishing death penalty.   Although at some point, others see it as a necessary social measure. Still, as many others do so, I don’t agree of this capital punishment. As I believe that no one has the right to take one’s life for whatever reason. Others argue that death penalty deters crime. But is practicing it not another crime where you also kill a human?   And as always, two wrongs will never make a right thing. For the past years, hundred numbers of prisoners were found to be innocent and released from the death row.   Imagine how they would face the society again.   They may perhaps be damaged inside, having to fear death, disbelieving the justice and all.   And then there were people who have received the death penalty and in the end were found not guilty.   The deathly penalty is really a cruel punishment and yet was not taken carefully by those in authority.   How can one accept it then? I also believe that one can still change.   One can still start a new life. One can have a new life with his family.   And death penalty deprived them this chance. The time they would spend inside the prison would at least let them think about their offenses and realized their mistakes. Sentencing them to death would just make their life easier.   But if they will stay in jail, they would suffer the consequences of their wrongdoings and realize how much prettier life is outside if they didn’t commit the crime. Now this is my opinion.   And this topic of death has always been debatable for the past centuries.   It is then up to you whether you would agree with me or not.   But maybe we should always look at the facts and not merely standing out with our immediate ideas not only about this capital punishment but with all other issues. Be critical. References: College Net Forum. (2007). Retrieved August 26, 2007, from College Net: http://www.collegenet.com/elect/app/app?service=external/Forumsp=1882 Death Penalty Information Center. (2007). Retrieved August 26, 2007, from Death Penalty Information Center: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?scid=15did=410# IntroductionoftheDeathPenalty How to cite Death penalty – capital punishment, Essay examples

Hotel and Hospitality Management for Tourism- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHotel and Hospitality Management for TourismResearch. Answer: Thecoalignmentprinciple suggested that the hotel would be able to takecompetitive advantage if they identify the opportunities in the market by allocating the resources through various competitive methods in the market. There were certain driving forcessuch as environment,strategychoice, the structure and performance of the firm whichincreasedthe competitiveness of this hotel. The management of the hotel has failed totakethecoalignmentprinciple which was proposed by Olsen etal. Thecustomerswho visited the hotel had to do various kinds offormalities before takinga room in the hotel. They were attended by thestaffswho areengaged in the check-in department of the hotel (Efthymios et al., 2016). The strategy choices that are chosen by the management are competitive and this helps to identify the opportunities that areavailablein the hotel. The assistantmanagersalso helped in various kinds of promotion and thus thishashelped inincreasingthe awareness among the customers.The resources of the hotel are based on thepreassumedvalue of the various kinds of dimension. The performance of the hotel is regarded as the final link of the hotel.This is measured both by performance andbehavioralmeasures as described in the case study.The competitive methods implemented describe the performancestrategy of the hotel. The competitive methods comprised the resources of the hotel, the capabilities and the core competencies which are driven by certain forces and thus this are driving the changes in the environment. The structure of the hotel in the co-alignment principle indicates that there are certain factors that are affecting the implementation process. This relationship between the dimensions and the factors must be properly understood. The performance of Arena Utopia is measured by financial and behavioural measures. Thus, it can be said that the hotel has failed to implement the co-alignment principle. Management of property is considered as a competitive aspect in this industry. It is necessary to build the website of the company and this is important for attracting the customers. One of the most important way to win the heart of the new customers or to satisfy the existing customers is to address the needs and wants of them. The customers had to wait for long hours or they had to book the room earlier so as to get a room in the hotel. Though the hotel was located much closer to the airport, but the delegates of some conferences has highlighted that the way of the hotel is too long. Certain promotional strategies must be developed and this needs to be implemented so as to attract more customers in the hotel. The front desk office staffs tried to provide quick service to the customers (Pechlaner et al., 2014). However, the hotel must improve its front desk service because there were only two computers which were available and it took a long time to start up and run the system. The rates of the rooms in the hotel are very affordable. However, due to increase in the revenue, the hotel management must increase the rate so as to keep up the increasing cost. The hotel does not have swimming pool and gymnasium and this is one of the main drawback of the hotel. The lavish surroundings and the exceptional quality of food and service are the main competitive strategy of the hotel. The services which are provided by the hotel will help to keep the team organized and this is considered critical for the hotel industry. Thus, it can be said that the hotel must develop so as to develop the core competencies. It will also help in delivering quality service to the customers. References Efthymios, K. D., Konstantoglou, A., Thomas, F. A., Folinas, D. (2016, June). Marketing: Evolution in Green. In4 th International Conference on Contemporary Marketing Issues ICCMI June 22-24, 2016 Heraklion, Greece(p. 327). Pechlaner, H., Bachinger, M., Volgger, M., Anzengruber-Fischer, E. (2014). Cooperative core competencies in tourism: Combining resource-based and relational approaches in destination governance.European Journal of Tourism Research,8, 5.

The role of education in society free essay sample

Education, has a great social importance specially in the modern, complex Industrialised societies. Philosophers of all periods. beginning with ancient stages. devoted to it a great deal of attention. Accordingly, various theories regarding its nature and objective have come Into being. Let us now examine some of the significant functions of education. 1 . To complete the socialization process. The main social objective of education Is to complete the socialization process. The amily gets the child, but the modern family tends to leave much undone in the socialisation process. The school and other institutions have come into being in place of family to complete the socialization process. Now, the people fell that It Is -the schools business to train the whole child even to the extent of teaching him honesty, fair play, consideration for others and a sense of right and wrong. The school devotes much of its time and energy to the matter such as co-operation, good citizenship, doing ones duty and upholding the lavw Directly through text books and ndirectly through celebration of programmes patriotic sentiments are intimates and Instilled. We will write a custom essay sample on The role of education in society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The nations past Is glorified, Its legendary heroes respected. and Its military ventures justified. (2) To transmit the central heritage : All societies maintain themselves, by exploitation of a culture. Culture here refers to a set of beliefs and skills, art, literature, philosophy, religion, music etc. that are not carried through the mechanism of heredity. They must be learned. This social heritage (culture) must be transmitted through social organisations. Education has his function of cultural transmission in all societies. It is Only at the under leaves of the school that any serious attempt has been, or now Is, made to deal with this area. (3) For the formation of social personality Individual must have personalities shaped or fashioned In ways that fit into the culture. Education, everywhere has the function of the formation of social personalities. Education helps In transmitting culture through proper molding of social personalities. In this way, it contributes to the integration, to survive and to reproduce themselves. (4) Reformation of Attitudes Education aims at the reformation of attitudes wrongly developed by children already. For various reasons the child may have absorbed a host of attitudes, beliefs and disbeliefs, loyalties and prejudices, jealously and hatred etc. these are to be reformed. It is the function of education to see that unfounded beliefs, illogical prejudices and unreasoned loyalties are removed from the childs mind, though the school has its own limitations in this regard, it is expected to continue its efforts in reforming the atutudes of the child. (5) Education for occupational placement : An instrument of livelihood. Education has a practical and also it should help the adolescent for earning his livelihood. Education has come to be today as nothing more than an Instrument of livelihood. It should enable the student to take out his livelihood. Education must prepare the student for future occupational positions, the youth should be enabled to play a productive role in society. Accordingly, great emphasis has been placed on vocational training. 1 OF2 (6) conTerrlng 0T Conferring of status is one of the most important function of education. The amount f education one has, is correlated with his class position. This is four in U. S. A. , U. S. S. R. , Japan, Germany and some other societies. Education is related to ones position in the stratification structure in two ways. 1) An evaluation of ones status is partially decided by what kind of education one has received and (2) Many of the other important criteria of class position such as occupation, income and style of life are partially the result of the type and amount of education one has had. Men who finish college, for example, earn two and a half times as much as those who have a rammar school education. (7) Education encourages the spirit of competition : The school ins tills co-operative values through civic and patriotic exhortation or advice. Yet the schools main emphasis is upon personal competition. For each subject studied the child is compared with the companies by percentage of marks or rankings. The teacher admires and praises those who d well and frowns upon those who fail to do well. The schools ranking system serves to prepare for a later ranking system. Many of those who are emotionally disappointed by low ranking in the school re thereby prepared to accept limited achievement in the larger world outside the school. Other Functions of Education Peter Worsley has spoken of a few more functions of education. Some of them may be noted. Education Trains in skills that are required by the Economy The relation between the economy and education can be an exact one. For example the number and productive capacity of engineering firms are limited by the number of engineers produced by education. In planned economy, normally it is planned years in advance to produce a definite number of doctors, engineers, teachers, technicians, scientists etc. o meet the social and economic needs of the society. Fosters Participant Democracy : Education fosters participant democracy. Participant democracy in any large and complex society depends on literacy. Literacy allows full participation of the people in democratic processes and effective voting. Literacy is a product of education. Educational system has this economic as well as political significance. Education Imparts values: The curriculum of the school, its extracurricular activities and the informal relationships amongst students and teacher communicate social skills and values. Through various activities a school imparts values such as co-operation or atmospheric, obedience, fair play. This is also done through curriculum that is through lessons in history literature etc. Education acts as an integrative force : Education acts as integrative force in society by communicating value, that unite different sections of society. The family may fail to provide the child the essential knowledge of the social skills and values of the wider society. The school or the educational institutions can help the child to learn new skills and learn to interact with people of different social backgrounds

The Perfect Structure of Writing a Business Term Paper

The Perfect Structure of Writing a Business Term Paper The Perfect Structure of Writing a Business Term Paper A term paper is likely to be included as a requirement for most, if not all, of your business classes. It is mostly because it not only helps to determine how well a student is doing in understanding the concepts of the course but also to give them the opportunity to learn more in depth information about a particular subject. The extensive research that is needed to effectively write a succinct business term paper gives the student a chance to get more complete concepts in business. A business term paper is usually between 8 to 10 pages in length, however, these requirements vary per instructor. Students are usually given the entire term to complete the assignment, which is the main reason why it is called a â€Å"term† paper. The paper needs to include various components that will be discussed in more detail below. This guide will help you work through each section. Title Page Certain formatting styles like the APA format will need the title page to be an additional paper all by itself. It gives the information like your paper’s name, your name, course name, school name, and date. It is the first page of your paper. The MLA form does not have a title page and all of this information is in the upper left hand side of the page. Abstract Large papers will include an abstract that gives a summary of what the paper is about. The summary should give all of the important information. Fill up half of the paper with single spaced text and you should be all set. Remember, this section isn’t like the back cover of a book. It shouldn’t keep the â€Å"good stuff† secret. The reader should be able to read this instead of the entire piece. Table of Contents The table of contents lists all of the sections and chapter titles and the page number where the sections can be found. It usually comes after the abstract if there is one in the paper. Introduction Make sure that you introduce your topic and give some background information on it. It means that you need to provide a brief overview to get the reader interested. Include the thesis near the end of the introduction. Thesis The thesis is the main point that you are trying to make. If you could prove your point in one sentence, the thesis would be it. Make an outline to help you develop the perfect thesis for your paper. It is the best way to make sure that you do it just right. Body Here is where you have to â€Å"put your money where your mouth is† and prove your thesis. The evidence that supports your thesis must be trustworthy because, otherwise, your points will be easy to dispute. Conclusion Now it is time to wrap it up. You need to restate your main points in your conclusion and pull it all together. Don’t rush this part of the process. It is vital to the success of your paper and your last chance to get your points across. Bibliography The reference page gives all of your resources that were used. You need to give credit to those that you get your ideas from. It is not only the right move to make, but it also allows you to give your words extra power. When people see the source, they believe what you say more than before. Show that different scientists have your back in the facts that you state. When you are writing your custom term paper, these tips are very vital to the success of your paper. Now, all you have to do is get writing. Get to work. A great paper is right around the corner.

Final exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Final exam - Assignment Example Efficiency generally refers to the relative ease with which one is able to perform certain task. This is term refers to the inputs used when producing goods and services. Efficient service is results in high levels of customer satisfaction and also has low levels of complains from the customers. Efficiency in technical work environments is quite key in the process of production as it results in work being done quickly and there are high levels of yield. Efficiency is when work is done with ease and there is no strain while executing the duties. Adaptability means the ability to change and try to fit in the diverse and changing work environments. Conditions at the work place keep on changing thus the need for the employees to adapt and change with the new developments. The world is not static and change is inevitable. The fastness of one to adapt is fundamental in every organization if it is to continue thriving. Flexibility remains one of the traits that employers look for in their employees as it enables one able to change and adapt with time. Effectiveness is the most important trait that each organization should have in its employees. Even if there are efficient and adaptable if there are unable to achieve the intended goals of the company it is all in vain. The key goal of every organization is to experience growth and hit the targets that they have put in place. One of the advantages of efficiency is that it ensures that work is done at a faster rate and deadlines are met on time.Efficieny is when there is smooth running during the process of production of both goods and services. Efficiency is when higher levels of output are realized when producing goods and services. It also results in higher levels of customer satisfaction with the output among the customers. Once the customer is contented with the services that he is getting, he becomes a loyal servant leading to repeat business. One

Role of Women in Ministry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Role of Women in Ministry - Research Paper Example It will also elaborate the challenges faced by women leader in the church as well as identify the different women serving in the ministry today. 2. Introduction There has been continued controversy concerning the role of women in the ministry. This has been created by the Biblical teachings on the place of the woman in the church. In the Scriptures of Paul to the Corinth church, women were expected to be silent and submissive to their husbands. However, in other Scriptures, women take an active role in the activities of the church. This conflict on the role of women has created an ongoing debate on the subject of women as leaders in the church. Many churches deny women the opportunity to take up an active role in the church while others only permits them to undertake specific positions. 3.1 Positions in the Role of Women 3.1.1 Resistance of Women in the Ministry The values and beliefs of the society are continuously evolving. This has been attributed to the globalization of the society which contributes to the exchange of culture and believes. The role of women in the society has continuously changed, especially in the Western World. Women in the society are fighting for equality in terms of job opportunities, duties and positions in the society. Currently, women in the western world are allowed to hold both social and political offices in the society. Therefore, it is inevitable that the women in the church will also fight for equality in the ministry. Traditionally, the Jewish traditions did not acknowledge the women in the church. The Jews believed that God intentionally created the woman from the man’s rib rather than from his head. This was because women were not created to be the head. They were expected to hide as they were extracted from the hidden rib of man. According to the Jews, women are not expected to voice their though ts or make people listen to them. Furthermore, the Jewish men prayed to God every morning thanking Him for not being born a woman. The beliefs and values of the Jews have had a significant impact on the modern church. Today, there are various schools of thoughts that disregard women in the ministry. According to this school of thought, the Bible does not acknowledge women as leaders in the ministry. They believe that if women were supposed to lead the world as well as the church, then Christ ought to have been female. In addition, they believe that the story of creation clearly elaborates on the societal position of women. This school of thought argues that allowing women to take up leadership in the church is a misinterpretation on the Biblical teachings.1 In his teachings, Paul greatly contradicted himself concerning the role of women in evangelism. In his letters to the Romans, he acknowledged the women as crucial people in spreading of the word. However, in his Letters to the Co rinth Church, Paul indicated that the woman should be silent and obedient to their husband. If they were to learn anything concerning the church, they should obtain consent from their husbands. These teachings from Paul have contributed to the

Environmental Implications and the Potential of Biotechnology Essay

Environmental Implications and the Potential of Biotechnology - Essay Example This essay stresses that several definitions exist for biotechnology, one of the more general and appealing definitions is â€Å"the use of living organisms, cells or cellular components for the production of compounds or precise genetic improvement of living things for the benefit of man†. Biotechnology has assumed a certain prominence in the relatively recent past despite having been practiced for thousands of years. Progress in biotechnology was enabled as a result of the twentieth century advances in physics, chemistry, engineering, computer application, and information technology and it was these advances that resulted in the evolution of modern biotechnology. Rapidly increasing food prices which have made it difficult for the poor to afford food and a growing awareness of environmental problems that have been caused by a predominate use of fossil fuels have made advances in biotechnology. This report makes a conclusion that governments and international agencies must act to find ways in which biotechnology can be used to solve the urgent problems of the poor from all around the world. It makes sense to try to produce more food locally so that the local poor can maintain at least some quality of life. Increasing fuel prices cannot justify massive flows of agricultural products around the world and it is important to try not to waste precious resources. Thus, the benefits of biotechnology should be made available to the poor on affordable terms.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization to Economy

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization to Economy Introduction Globalization in the world of business is the process of intertwining markets all around the world by means of businesses extending their influence and operation on a global scale driving cross-border trade and investment (The Levin Institute, 2014). It includes the spreading and influencing of â€Å"world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture† (Al-Rodhan, 2006). The rapid advancement of it, aided by the assimilation of global transportation, communication and advancing technology affects the â€Å"environment, culture, political systems, economic development and human physical well beings in societies† they reside in (The Levin Institute, 2014). The act of globalization brings about a wealth of benefits to both guest and host countries worldwide. This includes but not extensively â€Å"employment, education, product quality, cheaper prices, improved communication, transportation, and economic growth through free movement of capital, international trade and GDP increase† (Lovekar, 2013). Although beneficial, it inadvertently also bring about an abundance of detrimental factors. Some major issues comprise â€Å"health issues, loss of culture, uneven wealth distribution, environment degradation, disparity, conflicts†, and many others (Lovekar, 2013). An example being the alluring promise of allowing impoverished countries to develop economically through globalization inadvertently brings about the benefit of low-cost production from a detriment of instituting an under paid labor force. Considering the involvement of factors such as these (which will be further elaborated using various case studies in the report to follow), we can see that developed countries that are the ones leading the charge of globalization, hold the control and power to implement the way globalization is carried out. Therefore these countries should implement the policy on globalization by first taking a bigger step through advancing a deeper knowledge to understanding the impacts, and work towards solving problems and harmonizing the dividends across all parties affected by the monster of globalization (The Levin Institute, 2014). Advantages of globalization International trade International trade has contributed to the growth of U.S. economy in many areas. The export is valued at $2.2 trillion in 2012 and has created up to 38 million job opportunities in the state. This profit made from the trade will inadvertently trickle down the hierarchy and also help to raise the salary and wealth of the people. Looking at the large amount of exports from U.S, we can deduce that international trade has allowed the expansion of business mechanization and the advancement of technology which inadvertently has helped businesses to maintain and keep up with competitors all around the world. As the U.S. Chamber of Commerce (2014) points out, international trade through importing brings in a series of advantages such as providing an increased variety of goods that are not obtainable within the U.S. and make available all year round, products such as harvested crops that are not procurable from the country itself during certain seasons in the year. Moreover, it inadvertently helps to increase the domestic expenditure as they bring competitive prices that raise the spending ability of the regular American, which eventually also contributes to the economy of U.S.. Through importing as well, manufacturing companies are able to purchase raw materials for production that are not readily available in the country and on certain occasions at cheaper rates that will improve the profit margin (U.S.Chamber of Commerce, 2014). Therefore, we can see the importance of international trade and how the opening up of markets to foreign exchange benefits the country, as it allows goods and services to be traded with ease, concurrently increasing job opportunities and boosting economic growth. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Singapore’s Integrated Resorts, Marina bay sands (MBS) and Resorts World Sentosa (RWS) are the main attractions for the tourism industry, and are the results of successful foreign direct investments. The tourism sector with these new attractions have brought in up to 13.2 million visitors and profited from $22.3 billion worth of tourist’s spending in 2011 alone. This has significantly contributed to not only the tourism industry but also to a substantial economic growth in Singapore. The FDI in this establishment of the Integrated Resorts project has contributed up to 40,000 job employments in sectors such as retail and Food and Beverage (FB). It has also trickled down and inadvertently helped to retain Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) that are mainly outsourced to provide goods and services to the tourism industry such as transportation, laundry and floral services (Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore, 2012). As shown in the graph by HSBC, FDI increased instead of plummeting during the financial crises and that allowed Singapore to continue to bring up the economy during this time of trouble where it would be overwhelming otherwise. (Singapore Business Review, 2010) Capital flow In 2013 Nestle, originally from Switzerland, expanded its research and development (RD) centre in Singapore. The company invested up to $5 million in this RD expansion and will create up to 20 more jobs while continuing its employment strategy of procuring expertise from a global workforce (Yan, 2013). Its establishment here has brought not only a spike of economic growth during the company’s time here, but also a decent pool of skillful and knowledgeable workers to Singapore’s labor market, and advanced technology in the field that will inadvertently aid in the growth of Singapore’s expertise in the area and provide a larger platform for future expansion. Recently, Nestle has announced that they are going to increase the capital flow by widening its RD project in the form of more â€Å"manpower, resources and investment† (Grosse, 2014). Investments has been pumped into a project to build up food and nutrition RD since January, consisting of a partnership with Singapore’s Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) (Grosse, 2014). With more capital flowing in to invest in such projects, Singapore would definitely benefit from this economic growth. Disadvantages of globalization Human costs Apple is known as the most successful and wealthiest company due to its manufacturing that is done globally. However, what Apple fails to disclose is that the major production of the devices came from China sweatshops. In order to meet the global demands of production set by the management in a given timeframe, workers from the Apple manufacturing factory in Chengdu said that they were forced to work long hours, almost seven days a week, in harsh environments which resulted in the straining of workers’ health. Apart from that, there have been serious cases of abuse such as child labour and inappropriate employee’s welfare. All these factors have concocted a hazardous environment that resulted in two blasts within the manufacturing factory itself, consequently bringing about fatality as no proper safety measurements were taken. Apple at that point in time had a narrow vision of company profit and growth, and that resulted in the company procuring methods that will increase the profit margin regardless of ethics, and one of the targets was low-cost production. This inadvertently brought about the neglect of their 120,000 worker’s welfare (Duhigg and Barboza, 2012). Companies from developed countries tend to take advantage of workers from developing countries in order to meet their aggressive demand. This happens due to racism, the feeling of superiority brought about by the factors such as the workers are a lower class due to the education level of developing countries and even because they are not of their own nationality. Pollution As China is on the rise to become a large economic power, they have inadvertently contributed to a huge environmental impact on the world. China has increasingly become one of the countries chosen by many of its developed counterparts for factory establishment due to its ability to produce goods with low costs. However, with the increased number of factories setting up in China, it has resulted in the release of a huge amount of poisonous industrial gases into the air causing air pollution. In the study by â€Å"The Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences†,the release of such gases is connected to the large exports in China. The pollution has not only affected their neighbouring countries decreasing the quality of air but it has also spread over to the United States, causing haze in the westcoast. In order to curb this pollution created by China, Lane and Stromberg (2014) suggested that it is a necessity for countries to come together and make a stand through subduing â€Å"global political tensions† and the goal of â€Å"short-term economic incentives† that prevents cooperation.And as mentioned in the reading, this increasing rate of the air pollution, would result in the deterioration in the health of the Chinese and eventually the people at the rest of the world. (Lane and Stromberg, 2014) Insecurity and violence China’s recent movement of placing an oil rig near to Vietnam has caused an anti-china riot in Vietnam. This brought up a sensitive issue regarding the ownership of the area in which the oil rig was parked at. The action has since resulted in many Vietnamese protestors reacting violently through the destruction and burning down of many factories that are owned by FDI. As Vietnamese protestors could not differentiate the different nationalities, they unintentionally affected many FDI companies that are actually owned by Taiwanese or South Korean businessmen. Many factories operating in the area were forced to shut down and with businesses continually disrupted the violence caused a huge decline in income. Vietnamese protestors have been known to be targeting and attacking the Chinese employees as well. In which the riots have resulted in almost two fatalities while leaving many other Chinese nationals injured. Due to this continuous violence many Chinese were sent back to China for safety reasons (Whiteman, 2014). With many establishments of FDI businesses in global countries, it will cause its nation people to feel a sense of insecurity of others invading their country. As depicted in the recent China and Vietnam dispute, all it takes is such sensitive matter to spark all these insecurities. Conclusion As mentioned above, globalization has proven to greatly contribute to the country’s economic growth in both developed and developing countries. It has not only created a substantial number of job opportunities around the world, it simultaneously allows the distribution of technology and knowledge between countries that are essential for their economy’s advancement. Globalisation is also a crucial for developing countries as the input from other countries aids in the faster and continuous development of the country. However, while countries are enjoying the fruits of the economy’s growth, there are consequences that appear a result of globalization mostly affecting the developing countries. As mentioned earlier, globalization has resulted in issues such as violating human rights, environment pollution and distrust among countries. With globalization constantly growing and here to stay, more concerns would arise. With the rise of globalization, it has created a disparity between countries in today’s world. This is because while some countries are proving to be hubs where investments continually pour in for that purpose, resulting in rapid economic growth, other countries that are not as attractive and less developed are struggling to keep up. Developing countries are gradually becoming the generator of the developed countries’ economy growth and instead of growing together, the economic gap between these countries continues to widen. A global wealth report in 2013 said that wealthiest 10% of the global population possesses 86% of world’s wealth while the bottom half of the rest possess less than 1%. As compared to developed countries which reports show an average of a $100,000 wealth per person, the standard wealth of each person in the less developed countries was $5,000 or less (Appiah, 2014). In a report from 2012, it is said that the world’s population is made up of 82.5% who resides in less developed countries. This further shows that there are huge gaps in the wealth distribution between the developed and developing countries. It also means globalization while beneficial to the economy of developed countries, is inadvertently creating a larger disparity and straining the economic growth in the developing countries. Furthermore, globalization implicates internal problems within a country to the countries in which their businesses reside in. With the global economy differences, it creates social imbalance where people from both developed and developing countries hold different status and wealth, causing opportunities to be extended out only to the ones who can afford it (Appiah, 2014). Workers from developing countries working for these foreign companies feel that they are of lower status as compared to them. Due to the disparity, people from the developing countries feel disadvantaged and discontentment, which in an extreme example resulted in the act of terrorism, aimed at developed countries (Appiah, 2014). The rise of globalization would also mean more foreign companies establishment in developing countries which will increase a deeper sense of insecurity among its people in these countries. An example would be the significant U.S. September 11 attacks in 2001 whereby the New Yorks World Trad e Center towers were being hit by planes that were hijacked by terrorist which eventually affected the world’s economic and global assurance (BBC, n.d.). Violence is viewed as a repercussion of extensive inequality, affecting and compromising the world’s safety (Appiah, 2014). Therefore, globalization might be beneficial to the developed countries initially. However, with the rise of globalization, it would widen the gap that is of major disadvantage to the world, and this inequality would inadvertently cause tension that will lead to belligerent situations between countries.

Essay --

The United States was founded on the right to pursue happiness, just as it was founded on the right for everyone to be considered equal. According to Americas forefather’s equality is innate and the truth to this is undeniable. If our forefather’s saw the kind of equality the world was striving for in today’s society, our forefather’s would be turning over their graves. Being separated from what is socially acceptable is not always easy. When most people are being normal, are they really acting normal- or are they just pretending? There are benchmarks that society has drilled people into believing to be true. These benchmarks are inherently unrealistic expectations that people deem to be true. In the Coca-Cola commercial a girl tries many times through trial and error to look socially acceptable, after much frustration she realizes that the only way she can be happy is if she puts on clothes and makeup she’s comfortable with. Yes society is broken, but we are society so let the change begin with us. By being around people that like us for who we are, accepting our faults, and finding ourselves in society- we can learn to be ourselves. One of the most important qualities in life is being able to find peace of mind but this quality is hard to find if society is constantly following other people’s rules. In the Coca-Cola commercial the girl realizes that even though she look’s socially acceptable, she will only be happy if she wears clothes she’s comfortable with. In today’s society it’s hard to find people that go against what everyone else has conformed to, and when this is seen it makes it even more special, because it creates a chain reaction. When this occurred, the girl acquired insight and emerged as her own person, now being ... ...because that way we can be comfortable and let down out walls that expose our real personality. If we spend time trying to meet this benchmark that society tries so hard to make true- we will always be frustrated, just like how the protagonist was in the commercial. Our faults and weaknesses only make us human and are always inevitable, but when we are surrounded with people that love us for who we are, we learn that these so called â€Å"flaws† only make us unique and are at peace with who we are. Society is at fault for setting this cookie cutter image that a lot of people deem to be true, but these benchmarks are always farfetched which is why people aren’t happy with who they are trying to be. Being able to step in the world without caring what other people think is a great and empowering feeling. Because we only have one life to live- we might as well be ourselves.

Impact of Nursing Unit Turnover on Patient Outcomes Essay

The problem addressed by the article is the impact of nursing turnover on patient care.   It has been assumed that patient care is affected by turnover but there has not been a good understanding of the relationship between turnover and quality of care. Most research has simply shown that there is a direct relationship between the two without exploring the underlying mechanisms. Study purpose The study aims at describing the underlying mechanisms in the relationship between nursing turnover and quality of care of patients. The objective of the study was to find out how turnover in nursing units affects processes among key work groups and how the impact of these processes affects outcomes of patients. Study variables The study variables are nursing unit turnover, workgroup processes, patient outcomes, control variables and education level.   The independent variables was nursing unit turnover while the dependent variable was patient outcomes which included patient satisfaction, average length of stay, medication errors and patient falls. Workgroup cohesion, relational coordination and workgroup learning were the process variables. Other variables included in the article were control variables which included work complexity, teaching status, technological sophistication, hospital size and unit size as well as nurse characteristics such as RN hours, unit tenure, education level and patient characteristics (health status, patient age and previous hospitalizations). Conceptual framework The conceptual framework applied was modeled around the IPO framework (input-process-outcome) which assesses workgroup behavior and performance effectiveness. It is incorporated in most models of workgroup effectiveness. Workgroup processes are those mechanisms which inhibit or encourage members of a team to combine their abilities and behavior (Kozlowski et al, 2003). These include workgroup cohesion, workgroup learning and relational coordination. The unit level patient outcomes include patient satisfaction, length of stay, patient falls and medication errors. In the conceptual framework, the hospital, nurse and patient characteristics as well as the nursing unit were identified as control variables. Literature Review The literature review supports a need for the study as it identifies the fact that there has been research that establishes that there truly is an effect of nursing turnover on patient outcomes. However there is very little information that describes the actual relationship between nursing turnover and patient outcomes. The literature review identifies some of the effects of turnover as detachment, a disruption in communication flow and a disruption of established relationships (Sung-Heui et al, 2010). A nursing unit with high turnover requires more time for new staff to adjust while the staff that remain have to be more careful when supervising the new staff. This has the overall effect of lowering relational coordination. The article also identifies that work learning is does not occur well when there is no stability as is the case in units with high turnover (Sung-Heui et al, 2010). Learning needs both change and stability thus units with very high or very low turnover may not hav e much cognitive growth. When there is greater cohesion among staff members there is also greater motivation for the employees to provide better service which leads to better patient satisfaction (Sung-Heui et al, 2010). Other patient outcomes addressed by the article include length of stay which measures how efficient the hospital is, which in turn is an indication of the efficiency in communication between healthcare providers. If a workgroup is well coordinated then there outcomes are of higher quality and they outcomes are achieved more efficiently. The article also focuses on patient falls and medication errors as an indicator that there is work group coordination and workgroup learning. When errors occur there is opportunity for learning however if there is too high turnover, then learning does not occur and there is likelihood for errors to be repeated. Study design The study design was a non-experimental longitudinal study causal modeling study. This design was appropriate for the study since it tries to establish a relationship between two variables that is whether one causes the other. Some of the threats to internal validity that the study may have include history which means that as more time elapses between measurements there is a likelihood that time may contribute to differences in results in the variables. Testing is also a possible threat to internal validity in a longitudinal study as it requires the participants to take certain tests on several occasions (Barry, 2005) Attrition is a threat to the longitudinal study design; when participants drop out of the study before all the data is collected is likely to distort the accuracy of results (Barry, 2005). Sample and setting The sample consisted of 268 nursing units from 141 hospitals. This sample size was adequate to ensure generalizability of the research findings. Additionally using nursing units from various hospitals served to increase the generalizability of the findings. The sample was derived from the medical-surgical units and nursing units of acute care facilities of various hospitals, settings that again provided a good representation of all the hospitals and helped to increase the external validity of the study. Identification and control of extraneous variables Some of the identified extraneous variables included environmental uncertainty such as volumes, types of patients which increased the complexity in work processes and group dynamics among nurses. Work complexity was measured using a 7-item scale developed to measure environmental uncertainty. The scale measured work complexity by identifying frequent interruptions or unanticipated events. Technological sophistication was also measured using the Saidin Index which provided a weighted sum of the number of technologies and services that were available in the hospital. Study instruments/tools Both primary and secondary data were collected in this study. Secondary data was obtained from secondary data collected from the Outcomes Research in Nursing Administration Project (II) (ORNA II). Nursing units provided turnover rates for six months and nurses also completed questionnaires which measured various workgroup processes. The patient data collected was also from the ORNA II project. The use of such data collection methods was appropriate as it provided a rich data source. Additionally, the use of data from the ORNA project provided a reliable source of good quality data. Data analysis procedures The unit of analysis in the study was the nursing unit. The variables relational coordination, work group learning, patient satisfaction, workgroup cohesion, patient satisfaction and work complexity were measured at the individual level and were then aggregated to the unit level. The study used linear and count models to determine the distribution of the outcome and process variables. The average LOS was estimated using a model of random effects while the medication errors and patient falls were analyzed using a Poisson regression model that was adjusted for dispersion. The Poisson regression is appropriate for rate data such as the one collected in this study. The use of the linear counts is also appropriate as it allows for a relation between the linear model and the response variable. Strengths/limitations The strength of the study lies in the use of the IPO framework. Using this framework allows for the underlying mechanisms such as workgroup processes to be evaluated and considered as variables. Thus the study looks at input variables, process variables and output variables providing adequate data with which to describe the underlying mechanisms and relationship between nursing turnover and patient outcomes. Some of the limitations of the study include the model which assumes that the turnover affects relational coordination a few months after it has occurred. The time period of two months may not have been sufficient to assess true variation of the turnover levels. Another limitation was the missing variables that have an effect on turnover, patient outcomes and workgroup processes. Some of these include the support of managers, supervision and organizational effectiveness which also have an impact on whether a nurse stays or not. Implications The results of the study make it necessary that there be further research on the effect of nursing turnover on patient outcomes and workgroup processes. The findings of the study support a need to increase work group coordination and cohesion so as to improve patient satisfaction. These findings are consistent with previous research findings. The research findings also show that the in nursing units where there was higher workgroup learning there were fewer errors in giving medications. This supports empirical evidence for the development and sustenance of processes where nurses are supported in discussing and learning from their errors.

Free Essays on The History Of Surf Board Design

Spanning over 100 years of surfing history, this scale model collection (above) showcases some of the significant changes in surfboard design from the centuries-old hardwood boards of the Hawaiian Islands to the innovative balsa and foam shapes of the mid-20th Century. One of Duke Kahanamoku's original hardwood surfboards (above) hangs in the International Surfing Museum. In this assignment I shall investigate the evolution of the surfboard, and the impact that modern developments have on the industry. The definition "to surf " has held meaning for people all over the world for many years. For some it is a competitive sport, for others a hobby, and for others a release; an enlightenment reached only by becoming one with their surfboard and the sloping plane of water gliding beneath them. There is an art to finding the perfect wave, your own perfect break, determined selectively by the certain style of board you enjoy riding and the type of wave you like to surf. The fundamentals to surfing entail no more than a plank to perch on, and a plane of water that breaks from one side to the other. It is from these elements that the legends of surfing have derived. During the early 1950's, the image of the surfer riding a longboard became established through films as an easygoing popular lifestyle. Over the next few decades the longboard that had forced its popularity at the top of the social scale evaporated. Since then it has slowly been regaining ground. Meanwhile the introduction of the shortboard led surfers to experiment with new techniques and skills that they never new existed within the sport. The introduction of new materials, new designs and fin experimentation added even greater ground to the vast expanding pastime of surfing. The original shortboard design is still visible in today's advanced technology, though each individual surfboard shaper tends to add individual creative twists to the design process tha... Free Essays on The History Of Surf Board Design Free Essays on The History Of Surf Board Design Spanning over 100 years of surfing history, this scale model collection (above) showcases some of the significant changes in surfboard design from the centuries-old hardwood boards of the Hawaiian Islands to the innovative balsa and foam shapes of the mid-20th Century. One of Duke Kahanamoku's original hardwood surfboards (above) hangs in the International Surfing Museum. In this assignment I shall investigate the evolution of the surfboard, and the impact that modern developments have on the industry. The definition "to surf " has held meaning for people all over the world for many years. For some it is a competitive sport, for others a hobby, and for others a release; an enlightenment reached only by becoming one with their surfboard and the sloping plane of water gliding beneath them. There is an art to finding the perfect wave, your own perfect break, determined selectively by the certain style of board you enjoy riding and the type of wave you like to surf. The fundamentals to surfing entail no more than a plank to perch on, and a plane of water that breaks from one side to the other. It is from these elements that the legends of surfing have derived. During the early 1950's, the image of the surfer riding a longboard became established through films as an easygoing popular lifestyle. Over the next few decades the longboard that had forced its popularity at the top of the social scale evaporated. Since then it has slowly been regaining ground. Meanwhile the introduction of the shortboard led surfers to experiment with new techniques and skills that they never new existed within the sport. The introduction of new materials, new designs and fin experimentation added even greater ground to the vast expanding pastime of surfing. The original shortboard design is still visible in today's advanced technology, though each individual surfboard shaper tends to add individual creative twists to the design process tha...

Financial Research of the Google Inc Essay

Financial Research of the Google Inc Essay Financial Research of the Google Inc. Essay Financial Research of the Google Inc. Essay Investment in corporate business remains an important and attractive issue that may be influenced by huge investment potential. Publicly traded companies demonstrated various dynamics of stock growth during the long and short term. However, each company has its individual pace of growth, because it has different possibilities to enter the foreign market, occupy large niches, ensure high long-term profitability, satisfy shareholders, etc. Consequently, the choice should rely on proper finance research of the demanded, relatively stable company with strong strategic and resource potential. For example, Google Incorporated (Google Inc.) provided the growth of the share price and appears to be excellent choice for investment. Rationale for Selection Google Inc. has been chosen because this company represents a profitable toolset for capital growth. It is evident that investment in Google promises high returns with minimal risk. Such a possibility has existed since 2004, when the companys shares were sold on stock exchanges. Google Inc. provides two types of shares: Class A is dedicated to general circulation and Class B (preferred stock) available for the employees only. The development of communication means and the Internet allows buying the shares even on foreign stock exchanges. There are long-term and short-term options for investment in the shares of Google Inc. The short-term option involves the purchase of the shares not to receive dividends, but to resale them as soon as possible after the shift of exchange. Investing through a broker by such a scheme will not work, as the interest for the service will cut almost all the profits. The main disadvantage of this option is the amount of investment accessible for investors with regard to fluctuations of a price. Direct access to stock exchanges requires significant capital, which narrows the circle of shareholders to the largest and most reliable business partners. This may be the advantage of investment in Google Inc., as large investments are usually carried out by the investors with vision and long-term priorities. It can form a stable supply for the corporation and thereby protect other inves tors from business losses. In addition, the choice of Google Inc. as a potential object of investment was made due to the benefit of long-term investment. It involves making a profit from the payment of dividends on shares or selling them years or even decades after the purchase. The expectations of an investor to receive an increase in share value in several years can be justified. Given the dynamics of the development of Google, this growth may be continued. The company provides an advantage of a long-term approach where high initial capital is not needed and brokerage services are available for such investments, which simplifies the processes of buying and selling. Natural and objective disadvantages of investment in Google Inc. are a certain level of uncertainty and lack of long-term guaranteed income. However, such shortcomings are common in the entire area of investment, regardless of the historical success of a corporation. However, taking into account the dynamics of the growth of Google, the riskiness of losses seems improbable. Google Inc. is a target for profitable investment. There are some factors that may affect the positive decision to invest in Google Inc. Investors can significantly reduce the risk of their investments due to diversification. By investing in an investment fund or stock, they can spread their investments among various financial instruments. While some investments fall in value, others are likely to rise, which evenly distributes the risk among investment in Google Inc. and other attractive businesses. High liquidity of the companys shares allows converting investments into cash quickly and without losses. Selling the shares can be just as easy as dealing with the shares of another company, but the corporation adequately satisfies the interests of its shareholders. The availability of the corporation’s shares permits investing from the most accessible sources. This provides investors with certain freedom of action. Moreover, investing in the corporate capital does not require additional studies of the companys activities as it demonstrates its activity quite openly and transparently. This is displayed in regular mapping of outcomes of financial and investment activities. It is enough for the investor to follow the results of investment efficiency. Professional management of the corporation belongs to the advantage of Google Inc., which attracts a large number of investors. Investment funds are managed by a team of professionals. They have more experience, knowledge, and information than an average investor. Herein, it is very important for making a decision to buy or sell. However, it should be remembered that not all investment in the company regularly show satisfactory results. However, the decline in investment activity can be attributed to the behavior of business in the market. Investor Profile and Strategy In order to start investing, it is necessary to have something to invest. Creation of the necessary initial capital precedes the establishment of an appropriate person and profile of an investor. Investments in a corporation are accompanied by high business activity and a large number of corporate bonds. Its work concerns the attraction of large-scale business and international operations. Therefore, investors should possess professional knowledge in the area of investment. These professionals are divided into speculators and managers. Speculating investors receive income from the difference between the purchase and sale in the short term. Their main task is to buy cheaper stocks and sell them at the highest price. Such investors are characterized by a large number of transactions within a short period. The main characteristic of such investors is risk exploitation of their money. The managing investor of Google takes the finances of other people under control. As a rule, it is a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur providing their services free of charge. Their task is to multiply the investment funds. This person is well versed in the laws of the market, has a specific strategy, the necessary knowledge, and experience. A manager may also perform a large number of sales transactions of stock during a day, but their main difference from the speculator is that they risk other peoples money. There are certain laws regulating the activities of such persons or organizations. Therefore, it is expedient for the investor without sufficient funds for independent investment to give their funds to the specialist. There is an opportunity to attract investment by non-professionals. These are investors for whom investment is not a professional occupation. In this case, they should make maximum efforts and try to track the profitability of the position as an investor. An independent investor without professional knowledge and skills is the type of an investor who prefers to manage their savings at their own discretion. They make their own decisions about the objects of their investment and identification of a worth toolset. Moreover, they fully assume all risks associated with this activity. Their difference from professional investors is that investment is non-professional and additional activity. Their position is weaker when compared with professional and experienced investors. They carry out a small number of transactions and prefer to make long-term investments with a periodic review of their investment portfolio. Characteristics of the most suitable investor involve a different level of investment activity and its management. Long-term investment is best suited for passive investors who hold the strategy of retention of the acquired equity. It would be a good strategy, but in times of crisis, it is possible to lose more than half of the capital. Search of short gains may attract active investors who manage a portfolio and perform purchasing and selling operations on the shares of Google Inc. This is an active investing strategy. It can follow the portfolio of a passive management strategy. For example, active investors may buy the shares of Google Inc. and make short sales. However, this strategy should be accompanied by a major focus on stock selection. This type of investors is characterized by a relaxed attitude to a temporary fall in the market, of course, except for a crisis condition, as well as the ability to wait for favorable moments for a long time. Active investors may abandon a perpetual (long) investment and balance investments each year. The time horizon of investment of Googles investors includes long-term investors with investment horizon of more than 10 years, with medium-term investment horizon of 3 to 5 years, and short-term investments with a maturity from 1 to 3 years. However, higher possibility of a successful return on investment is inherent to long-term investors, as the company of the most demanded segment of the market successfully implements strategic plans and large enterprise operations. Regarding the degree of risk tolerance, the most suitable investors for Google are moderate investors. They do not engage in frequent speculations and are not afraid to change the structure and volume of investments in the event of market fluctuations. Such investors adhere to the following problems of the investment strategy: Preserve capital during following years; Gradually increase the capital; Earn high profits (Holburn Zelner, 2010). Strategy is the main reference point behavior for investor in different situations. However, if an investor prioritizes high earning before capital preservation, it is the way for defeat. Therefore, the investment strategy should vary, depending on the overall success of Google Inc. Thus, the simplest and most effective strategies that can be applied with respect to Google Inc. as separate alternatives and components of the overall strategy are the following: A strategy of dividends The essence of this technique is very simple. The investor buys the stock at or before closure of the register of shareholders in order to gain profit from the issuing company in the future (Lin Pavlova, 2006). A long-term investment strategy Many investors try to use the shares of Google Inc. in the long run, buying them for a period not less than one year. This strategy is simple, but it is very attractive due to its potential returns. In addition, this approach allows investors at least to partly diversify their risks. The main difficulty is the selection of the period of stable growth of the corporation, as it will bring profit to its owners. If there are doubts about profitability, they may form a portfolio, taking into account the yield of the stock market index. The resulting profit will be proportional to the growth of this indicator. A strategy for medium-term investment The shares are purchased for a few months. The base of the profit is the fluctuations in the value of the securities. An investor can buy the stock cheaper and sell it when the price is at its peak (Pike Neale, 2006). However, the determination of the date of purchase or sale requires a fundamental and technical analysis of the situation, forecast of the market movement, and a rapid response to its changes. Financial Ratios and Health of Google Inc. Financial ratios of Google Inc. are relative measures of financial performance of the corporation that express the relationship between appropriate dynamic parameters and form the basis of financial management and the practice of evaluation of the financial health and indicators of Google Inc. In order to assess current financial condition of Google Inc., a set of coefficients comparing the dynamics of these indicators is used. The factors beyond the standard values or a negative trend characterize particular weak points of the company. The investors interested in short-term efficiency of Google Inc. prefer a low level of current ratio as it eliminates their common risks and improves the business utilization of corporate resources. Current ratio was 4.75 in September, 2013, while next year demonstrated its decline to 4.47 in September, 2014. In 2015, its indicator was 4.77 (YCharts, 2015). Therefore, this ratio increased during the last three years by 0.2. That means that the corporation did not sufficiently use its current assets to cover its short-term liabilities and obligations. Exclusion of inventories from the assets of Google Inc. allows determining the liquidity of the corporation and its ability to quickly cut the debts with marketable securities and cash. This indicator was 4.58 in December, 2013. Later, it increased to 4.80 in December, 2014. Liquidity capacity decreased to 4.77 in September, 2015 (GOOGL Quick Ratio, 2015). Therefore, this ability of Google Inc. to quickly turn particular assets into cash to pay obligations in the short run was slightly decreased. Earnings per share determine the volume of earnings per outstanding share of Google Inc. The corporation identifies this indicator for shares of class A, B, and C. Obtain earnings per basic class A and B were $ 19.13 in 2013, which increased to $ 20.9 in 2014 (Investor Relations, 2015). The third quarter of 2015 identified $ 5.80 per share that was more by $ 0.64 than in the first quarter of the same year. In contrast to basic earning, its diluted alternative simultaneously increased. In 2013, EPS was $ 18.7 that increased to $ 20.5 in 2014. Later, the third quarter of 2015 demonstrated its annual growth to $ 5.7 per share. Similar trends characterize dynamics of basic earnings per class C share that was $ 19.1 in 2013 and increased to $ 20.9 in 2014 (Investor Relations, 2015). This earning increased to $ 5.8 at the turn of 2015. Diluted earning per this type of share was $ 18.7 in 2013 and increased to $ 20.5 in 2014. Despite certain growth of EPS in the second quarter of 2015 to $ 6.4, this indicator was still higher by $ 0.63 at the turn of 2015 than at the beginning of the year. The third quarter of 2015 determined its growth to $ 5.7 per share. The valuation of a share is executed through the ratio of the price of a share and earning per share. This ratio decreased from 29.4 in 2013 to 24.99 in 2014 (GOOGL P/E Ratio, 2015). Nevertheless, Google Inc. increased this ratio to 33.7 in December, 2015. These changes mean that it will take fewer years. to earn the price back for the company’s stock. In this case, short- and median investors are not in advance comparing to long-term investors, who are more interested in higher P/E stock. Total revenues of Google Inc. increased from $ 55 billion in 2013 to $ 66 billion in 2014, while the third quarter of 2015 confirmed the annual growth to more than $ 18 billion in 2015 (Investor Relations, 2015). These changes were conditioned by the structural growth of revenues from the basic activities of Google Inc., such as its own and network members’ websites and other sources. Thus, the most rapid and positive growth concerned the revenues of its own websites. The annual growth rate was a slight increase by 1 percent. The revenues generated in the area of the websites of network members declined by 5 percent from 2013 to the third quarter of 2015. Other revenues increased by 2 percent from 2013 to 2015. The ratio of cash with regard to debt showed that the company could easily pay off its debt with the exceeding amount of cash that increased from 11.2 in 2013 to 12.3 in 2014 (Guru Focus, 2015). Later, the ratio sharply increased to 13.9 in September, 2015. Therefore, t he company had significant liquid resources to cut its debt. The level of profitability of Google Inc. attested gradual increase of total net income from $ 12.7 billion in 2013 to $ 14.1 billion in 2014. Net income slightly increased to $ 3.9 billion at the turn of 2015. Therefore, the activity of Google Inc. has been profitable in these last years due to advantageous business directions and wide expansion throughout the world. The financial condition of the corporation is defined by its ability to finance its activities. It is characterized by the provision of financial resources necessary for normal functioning of the company, their proper placement, and efficiency of use, financial relations with other legal entities and individuals, solvency, and financial stability. Financial state of Google Inc. is sustainable. The companys ability to make payments timely to finance its activities demonstrates its good financial condition. It depended on the results of its industrial, commercial, and financial activities. Production and financial plans are successfully carried out, which has a positive effect on the financial position of the corporation, increase of profits, and solvency. In turn, a strong financial position has a positive effect on the execution of corporate valuation, forecasting activities, decisions on capital structure etc. Risk Level of Google Inc. Investment risk is a possibility or likelihood of full or partial failure to reach the results of the investment expected by investors. The activities of Google Inc. make investors face the following risks: specific (commercial) and regional risks. Specific (commercial) risks are associated with the uncertainty of obtaining the expected commercial result from the implementation of a specific project. They relate to specific characteristics of the project itself or specific characteristics of the market conditions. Specific investment risks occur at the level of entrepreneurial activity of specific enterprises in the corporative composition of Google Inc. Strategies and approaches to minimize these risks are the responsibility of the project developers and insurance companies that perform particular operations, depending on an investment project as well as the investment policy of Google Inc. The means of economic policy (fiscal, price, customs control, tariff) may indirectly influence risk reduction. In addition, another risk is associated with limited investment opportunities in some regions, where the company is represented. To reduce this risk, Google may apply a strategy of selective incentives to increase investment activity and attract additional resources in appropriate regions. The total risk level of the company is affected by the capacity to unite all possible directions of the business and investment policy of the corporation. Investment risk may be maintained at low level through a proper policy of harmonious development of the business and rational utilization of its assets. Recommendations for Investment Opportunity In order to increase the appeal and interest of investors to Google, the corporation should improve the corporate strategies of those business units and the acquisitioned companies within its entrepreneurial structure. (Mackey, Mackey, Barney, 2007). Herein, the company can be easily associated with a completed investment object. Any prospect of crisis that may hurt the multinational global company requires strengthening of competitive advantages, ongoing liquidity, and accessibility of the capital for investment even in complicated economic conditions (Campello, Giambona, Graham, Harvey, 2011). Google Inc. would facilitate its business sustainability and enhance its own investment attractiveness in crisis. To sum up, Google Incorporated employs all possible measures to remain a successful target for investment. It was chosen for this financial analysis due to a range of factors determining its priority for an investor. The financial analysis revealed its stable financial health and efficient financial ratios. Successful performance faces challenges of financial and regional risks that should be reduced through a set of improvements and advancements related to the business practice of Google Inc.

IT Applications and Collaboration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT Applications and Collaboration - Essay Example The team may grow in size. New people can be invited into the same discussion group and access the same resources. This includes also publishing spreadsheets for others to see, (Macdonald 163). Network applications are slower compared to stand alone programs. They also require a lot of security so that there is a secure flow and exchange of information. However, they are extremely effective in that multiple tasks can happen simultaneously. Widows live also facilitate sharing of documents, (Macdonald 253). A word processing document can be shared on email with more than twenty people. This simply means that these people can see the document in their emails. If these people are given the administrative rights, then they can edit the same document and inform others within the same group, (Macdonald 256). This application is available to those who use Microsoft network (msn). It is worth noting that Microsoft offered a significant size of free data storage space for free. This includes free applications for developing basic and personal websites. These incentives facilitate communication and content management. Macdonald, Drew. Getting StartED with Google Apps Getting StartED Friends of Ed Series. 1st ed. Apress, 2012. Web. 8 Aug. 2012.

Inferential Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Inferential Statistics - Essay Example In effect the new drug which comes in the form of a pill is believed to be as powerful as a cocktail of several multiple medications. The new drug that has been developed is as efficient as the standard multi-drug regimen. The null and the alternative hypothesis for difference in the efficiency of the new drug as a standard multi-drug regime may be simplified as below: When conducting statistical studies, variables have to be analyzed. In the case of measuring drug efficiency, the researcher may consider the frequency of administering the drugs, and the dosage as independent variables while the dependent variable may be the intensity of the symptoms of AIDS on the patients. The efficiency of a drug maybe defined as the ability of the drug to give particular results without due regard to dosage (Pokrovskii and Kompaniets, 2008). Thus, the: AIDS is a disease that attacks people irrespective of their gender, race, age, and socio-economic backgrounds. While this is the case, it must be considered the ethical and legal implications of using certain elements of the population such as children for certain tests. In order to have a representative sample that will properly and adequately represent the effectiveness of the drug, probability sampling will be employed. In the probability sampling strategy, simple random sampling will be done in which the sample will consist of people who are infected with AIDS. All elements of the samples will be of legal age according to the country’s laws and will be engaged in the tests out of free will. The subjects will be selected by screening them for other diseases; those with composite diseases will be disqualified and only those with AIDS will be considered. In order to establish the true efficacy of the new drug, the test will have to be devoid of experimenter and selection bias (Cortes, Mehryar, Riley and Rostamizadeh (nd). Selection bias in this case is an error

Canada and the Founding of The United Nation Essay

Canada and the Founding of The United Nation - Essay Example Prior to the formation of the United Nations, countries first organized themselves to address specific issues. One of the first organization prior to United States that was organized to address peace was the International Peace Conference that was held in 1899 in The Hague to put in place the mechanism on how to resolve crisis peacefully that would prevent wars from happening such as the previous world wars. Canada has been instrumental in the creation of United Nations being one of its founding members and has been an active participant and supporter since its beginnings. It was active not only in the primary role of UN to maintain peace and stability but also on other aspects such as supporting its drive to promote human rights, improving the administrative capability of UN and providing financial support to the institution. United Nations is created to prevent another world war to happen and to also collectively address global issues such as peace and security, climate change, food security and others. It was created after World War II where countries in ruin and wanted lasting peace. At present, UN has expanded its role from averting a world war and maintaining peace to addressing global issues in the 21st century. It has also became a major international platform for dialogue and negotiation not only in settling conflict and dispute but also in addressing other timely humanitarian concerns such as human rights and climate change. United Nation’s predecessor was the League of Nations which was created with similar intention as the International Peace Conference which was established in 1919 to prevent war and promote peace and security under the Treaty of Versailles. The League of Nations however was disbanded after it failed to prevent the Second World War from happening giving way to creation of United Nations after Second World War in 1945.

Satellite. Solar system Essay Example for Free

Satellite. Solar system Essay A satellite is defined as any object that orbits any other object. Satellites can be celestial, such as a moon orbiting a planet in the solar system, or a planet in the solar system orbiting the sun. Satellites can also be man-made. Man-made satellites are typically launched into outer space from earth to collect data, photos and other information about Earth and all the many things that exist around it. An animation depicting the orbits of GPS satellites in medium earth orbit. A full size model of the Earth observation satellite ERS 2  In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavor. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon. The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around the Earth. These originate from more than 50 countries and have used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations. A few space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Satellites are used for a large number of purposes. Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and research satellites. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites. Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit. Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control. HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES Sputnik 1: The first artificial satellite The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer. This in turn triggered the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States. Sputnik 1 helped to identify the density of high atmospheric layers through measurement of its orbital change and provided data on radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1s success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the so-called Space Race within the Cold War. Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika. TYPES OF SATELLITE ïÆ'ËœCommunication satellites †¢Communication satellites provide a worldwide linkup of radio, telephone, and television. †¢The first communication satellite was Echo 1, launched in 1960. †¢Relay 1 and telstar 1 were the first active communications satellites. †¢They were launched in 1962. ïÆ'ËœNavigation satellites †¢Navigation satellites are mainly intended to help aircraft, ships and nuclear submarines. †¢These satellites provide constant signals by which aircraft and ships can determine their positions with great accuracy. ïÆ'ËœWeather satellites †¢Weather satellites carry cameras and other instruments pointed toward Earths atmosphere. †¢They can provide advance warning of severe weather and are a great aid to weather forecasting. ïÆ'ËœMilitary satellites †¢ Many military satellites are similar to commercial ones, but they send encrypted data that only a special receiver can decipher. †¢ Military surveillance satellites take pictures just as other earth-imaging satellites do, but cameras on military satellites usually have a higher resolution. ïÆ'ËœScientific satellites †¢Earth-orbiting satellites can provide data to map Earth, determine the size and shape of Earth, and study the dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere. †¢ Scientists also use satellites to observe the Sun, the Moon, other planets and their moons, comets, stars, and galaxies. HOW ARE SATELLITES LAUNCHED ïÆ'ËœThe trick when launching a satellite is to get it high enough to do its job without losing the capsule to outer space. ïÆ'Ëœ Its a delicate balance of push and pull, accomplished by the inertia of the moving object and the Earths gravity. GEOSYNCHRONOUS SATELLITE LAUNCH VEHICLE ïÆ'ËœThe Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (usually known by its abbreviation, GSLV) is an expendable launch system operated by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). ïÆ'ËœIt was developed to enable India to launch its INSAT-type satellites into geostationary orbit and to make India less dependent on foreign rockets. GSLV Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle FunctionMedium Lift Launch System ManufacturerISRO Country of origin India Size Height49 metres (161 ft) Diameter2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in) Mass402,000 kilograms (890,000 lb) Stages3 Capacity Payload to LEO 5,100 kilograms (11,000 lb) Payload to GTO 2,000 to 2,500 kilograms (4,400 to 5,500 lb) Launch history StatusActive Launch sitesSatish Dhawan Total launches6 (5 Mk.I, 1 Mk.II) Successes2 (Mk.I) Failures3 (2 Mk.I, 1 Mk.II) Partial failures1 (Mk.I) Maiden flightMk.I: 18 April 2001 Mk.II: 15 April 2010 Boosters (Stage 0) No boostersFour Engines1 L40H Vikas 2 Thrust680 kilonewtons (150,000 lbf) Total thrust2,720 kilonewtons (610,000 lbf) Specific impulse 262 sec Burn time160 seconds FuelN2O4/UDMH First Stage Engines1 S139 Thrust4,700 kilonewtons (1,100,000 lbf) Specific impulse 166 sec Burn time100 seconds FuelHTPB (solid) Second Stage Engines1 GS2 Vikas 4 Thrust720 kilonewtons (160,000 lbf) Specific impulse 295 s (2.89 kN†¢s/kg) Burn time150 seconds FuelN2O4/UDMH Third Stage (GSLV Mk.I) 12KRB Engines1 KVD-1 Thrust69 kilonewtons (16,000 lbf) Specific impulse 460 s (4.5 kN†¢s/kg) Burn time720 seconds FuelLOX/LH2 Third Stage (GSLV Mk.II) CUS12 Engines1 ICE Thrust73.5 kilonewtons (16,500 lbf) Specific impulse 460 s (4.5 kN†¢s/kg) Burn time720 seconds FuelLOX/LH2 LIQUID BOOSTERS One of the strap-ons of GSLV-F04 being brought to the Vehicle Assembly Building The GSLV uses four L40 liquid strap-on boosters derived from the L37.5 second stage, which are loaded with 40 tons of hypergolic propellants (UDMH N2O4). The propellants are stored in tandem in two independent tanks 2.1 m diameter. The engine is pump-fed and generates 680 kN (150,000 lbf) of thrust. First stage S139 stage is 2.8 m in diameter and is made of M250 grade maraging steel and it has a nominal propellant loading of 139 t. Second stage The second stage is powered by the Vikas engine. It has 2.8 m diameter and uses 37.5 metric tons of liquid propellants with UDMH as fuel and nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) as oxidizer, in two aluminium alloy compartments separated by a common bulk head. It delivers 720 kN (160,000 lbf) of thrust. Third stage GSLV Mk.II D3 The third stage is propelled by a cryogenic rocket engine, 2.8 m in diameter and uses liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) in two separate tanks of aluminium alloy interconnected by an inter-stage. Propellant loading is 12.5 t. The indigenous cryogenic engine was built in Tamil Nadu at the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre. POLAR SATELLITE LAUNCH VEHICLE ïÆ'ËœThe Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle commonly known by its abbreviation PSLV is an expendable launch system developed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). ïÆ'ËœIt was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into sun synchronous orbits. ïÆ'ËœPSLV can also launch small size satellites into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). ïÆ'ËœThe PSLV has launched 41 satellites (19 Indian and 22 from other countries) into a variety of orbits till date. Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV-C8 (CA Variant) carrying the AGILE x-ray and ÃŽ ³-ray astronomical satellite of the ASI lifting off from Sriharikota FunctionMedium Lift Launch System ManufacturerISRO Country of origin India Size Height44 metres (144 ft) Diameter2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in) Mass294,000 kilograms (650,000 lb) Stages4 Capacity Payload to LEO 3,250 kilograms (7,200 lb) Payload to HCO 1,600 kilograms (3,500 lb)[1] Payload to GTO 1,060 kilograms (2,300 lb)[1] Launch history StatusActive Launch sitesSriharikota Total launches17 PSLV: 10 PSLV-CA: 6 PSLV-XL: 1 Successes15 PSLV: 8 PSLV-CA: 6 PSLV-XL: 1 Failures1 (PSLV) Partial failures1 (PSLV) Maiden flightPSLV: 20 September 1993 PSLV-CA: 23 April 2007 PSLV-XL: 22 October 2008 Notable payloadsChandrayaan-1 Boosters (Stage 0) â„â€" boosters6 Engines1 solid Thrust502.600 kN Specific impulse 262 sec Burn time44 seconds FuelHTPB (solid) First stage Engines1 solid Thrust4,860 kN Specific impulse 269 sec Burn time105 seconds FuelHTPB (solid) Second stage Engines1 Vikas Thrust725 kN Specific impulse 293 sec Burn time158 seconds FuelN2O4/UDMH Third stage Engines1 solid Thrust328 kN Specific impulse 294 sec Burn time83 seconds FuelSolid Fourth stage Engines2 liquid Thrust14 kN Specific impulse 308 sec Burn time425 seconds FuelMMH/UDMH PSLV is designed and developed at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram and Kerala. The inertial systems are developed by ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) at Thiruvananthapuram. The liquid propulsion stages for the second and fourth stages of PSLV as well as the reaction control systems are developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), also at Thiruvananthapuram. The solid propellant motors are processed by Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, which also carries out launch operations. After some delays, the PSLV had its first launch on 20 September 1993. Although all main engines performed as expected, an altitude control problem was reported in the second and third stages. After this initial setback, ISRO met complete success with the third developmental launch in 1996. Further successful launches followed in 1997, 1999, and 2001. PSLV continues to be the work horse of Indian satellite launches, especially for LEO satellites and the Chandrayaan Projects. It has undergone several improvements with each subsequent version, especially those involving thrust, efficiency as well as weight. ORBIT ïÆ'ËœAn orbit is a regular, repeating path that an object in space takes around another one. ïÆ'ËœAn object in an orbit is called a satellite. A satellite can be natural, like the moon, or human -made. ïÆ'ËœIn our solar system, the Earth orbits the Sun, as do the other eight planets. ïÆ'ËœThey all travel on or near the orbital plane, an imaginary disk-shaped surface in space. ïÆ'Ëœ All of the orbits are circular or elliptical in their shape. In addition to the planets orbits. HOW A SATELLITE STAY IN THE ORBIT ïÆ'ËœThe forward motion of the satellite is its momentum. If the gravity of the earth is not acting on the satellite, the satellite would continue in one direction. ïÆ'ËœThe swinging of the satellite gives it its forward motion. ïÆ'Ëœ When these two forces are equal, the satellite remains in orbit, without falling into or flying away from the Earth. ïÆ'Ëœ A satellites forward motion is controlled by rockets. ïÆ'ËœWhen the rockets are not fired, inertia keeps the satellite going in one direction. HOW SATELLITES WORK ïÆ'ËœReceiving uplinked radio signals from earth satellite transmission stations (antennas). ïÆ'ËœAmplifying received radio signals ïÆ'ËœSorting the input signals and directing the output signals through input/output signal multiplexers to the proper downlink antennas for retransmission to earth satellite receiving stations (antennas). MERITS ïÆ'ËœIn communication. ïÆ'ËœFor military purposes. ïÆ'ËœFor weather broadcasting. ïÆ'ËœIn terrestrial application. ïÆ'ËœSatellite Services. †¢Satellite internet access †¢Satellite phone †¢Satellite radio †¢Satellite television †¢Satellite navigation DE-MERITS ïÆ'ËœLifetime of a satellite is limited. ïÆ'ËœOnce damaged it is difficult to repair. ïÆ'ËœEconomically costly. ïÆ'ËœA small damage in any part can destroy the whole satellite. CONCLUSION ïÆ'ËœNow a day’s satellite is a basic communication media. ïÆ'ËœAny information can be transmitting from one point to another with the help of satellite. ïÆ'ËœAll people are using satellites directly or indirectly. ïÆ'ËœWithout satellites the days cannot be imagined.