Canada and the Founding of The United Nation Essay

Canada and the Founding of The United Nation - Essay Example Prior to the formation of the United Nations, countries first organized themselves to address specific issues. One of the first organization prior to United States that was organized to address peace was the International Peace Conference that was held in 1899 in The Hague to put in place the mechanism on how to resolve crisis peacefully that would prevent wars from happening such as the previous world wars. Canada has been instrumental in the creation of United Nations being one of its founding members and has been an active participant and supporter since its beginnings. It was active not only in the primary role of UN to maintain peace and stability but also on other aspects such as supporting its drive to promote human rights, improving the administrative capability of UN and providing financial support to the institution. United Nations is created to prevent another world war to happen and to also collectively address global issues such as peace and security, climate change, food security and others. It was created after World War II where countries in ruin and wanted lasting peace. At present, UN has expanded its role from averting a world war and maintaining peace to addressing global issues in the 21st century. It has also became a major international platform for dialogue and negotiation not only in settling conflict and dispute but also in addressing other timely humanitarian concerns such as human rights and climate change. United Nation’s predecessor was the League of Nations which was created with similar intention as the International Peace Conference which was established in 1919 to prevent war and promote peace and security under the Treaty of Versailles. The League of Nations however was disbanded after it failed to prevent the Second World War from happening giving way to creation of United Nations after Second World War in 1945.

Satellite. Solar system Essay Example for Free

Satellite. Solar system Essay A satellite is defined as any object that orbits any other object. Satellites can be celestial, such as a moon orbiting a planet in the solar system, or a planet in the solar system orbiting the sun. Satellites can also be man-made. Man-made satellites are typically launched into outer space from earth to collect data, photos and other information about Earth and all the many things that exist around it. An animation depicting the orbits of GPS satellites in medium earth orbit. A full size model of the Earth observation satellite ERS 2  In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavor. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon. The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around the Earth. These originate from more than 50 countries and have used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations. A few space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Satellites are used for a large number of purposes. Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and research satellites. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites. Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit. Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control. HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES Sputnik 1: The first artificial satellite The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer. This in turn triggered the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States. Sputnik 1 helped to identify the density of high atmospheric layers through measurement of its orbital change and provided data on radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1s success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the so-called Space Race within the Cold War. Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika. TYPES OF SATELLITE ïÆ'ËœCommunication satellites †¢Communication satellites provide a worldwide linkup of radio, telephone, and television. †¢The first communication satellite was Echo 1, launched in 1960. †¢Relay 1 and telstar 1 were the first active communications satellites. †¢They were launched in 1962. ïÆ'ËœNavigation satellites †¢Navigation satellites are mainly intended to help aircraft, ships and nuclear submarines. †¢These satellites provide constant signals by which aircraft and ships can determine their positions with great accuracy. ïÆ'ËœWeather satellites †¢Weather satellites carry cameras and other instruments pointed toward Earths atmosphere. †¢They can provide advance warning of severe weather and are a great aid to weather forecasting. ïÆ'ËœMilitary satellites †¢ Many military satellites are similar to commercial ones, but they send encrypted data that only a special receiver can decipher. †¢ Military surveillance satellites take pictures just as other earth-imaging satellites do, but cameras on military satellites usually have a higher resolution. ïÆ'ËœScientific satellites †¢Earth-orbiting satellites can provide data to map Earth, determine the size and shape of Earth, and study the dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere. †¢ Scientists also use satellites to observe the Sun, the Moon, other planets and their moons, comets, stars, and galaxies. HOW ARE SATELLITES LAUNCHED ïÆ'ËœThe trick when launching a satellite is to get it high enough to do its job without losing the capsule to outer space. ïÆ'Ëœ Its a delicate balance of push and pull, accomplished by the inertia of the moving object and the Earths gravity. GEOSYNCHRONOUS SATELLITE LAUNCH VEHICLE ïÆ'ËœThe Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (usually known by its abbreviation, GSLV) is an expendable launch system operated by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). ïÆ'ËœIt was developed to enable India to launch its INSAT-type satellites into geostationary orbit and to make India less dependent on foreign rockets. GSLV Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle FunctionMedium Lift Launch System ManufacturerISRO Country of origin India Size Height49 metres (161 ft) Diameter2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in) Mass402,000 kilograms (890,000 lb) Stages3 Capacity Payload to LEO 5,100 kilograms (11,000 lb) Payload to GTO 2,000 to 2,500 kilograms (4,400 to 5,500 lb) Launch history StatusActive Launch sitesSatish Dhawan Total launches6 (5 Mk.I, 1 Mk.II) Successes2 (Mk.I) Failures3 (2 Mk.I, 1 Mk.II) Partial failures1 (Mk.I) Maiden flightMk.I: 18 April 2001 Mk.II: 15 April 2010 Boosters (Stage 0) No boostersFour Engines1 L40H Vikas 2 Thrust680 kilonewtons (150,000 lbf) Total thrust2,720 kilonewtons (610,000 lbf) Specific impulse 262 sec Burn time160 seconds FuelN2O4/UDMH First Stage Engines1 S139 Thrust4,700 kilonewtons (1,100,000 lbf) Specific impulse 166 sec Burn time100 seconds FuelHTPB (solid) Second Stage Engines1 GS2 Vikas 4 Thrust720 kilonewtons (160,000 lbf) Specific impulse 295 s (2.89 kN†¢s/kg) Burn time150 seconds FuelN2O4/UDMH Third Stage (GSLV Mk.I) 12KRB Engines1 KVD-1 Thrust69 kilonewtons (16,000 lbf) Specific impulse 460 s (4.5 kN†¢s/kg) Burn time720 seconds FuelLOX/LH2 Third Stage (GSLV Mk.II) CUS12 Engines1 ICE Thrust73.5 kilonewtons (16,500 lbf) Specific impulse 460 s (4.5 kN†¢s/kg) Burn time720 seconds FuelLOX/LH2 LIQUID BOOSTERS One of the strap-ons of GSLV-F04 being brought to the Vehicle Assembly Building The GSLV uses four L40 liquid strap-on boosters derived from the L37.5 second stage, which are loaded with 40 tons of hypergolic propellants (UDMH N2O4). The propellants are stored in tandem in two independent tanks 2.1 m diameter. The engine is pump-fed and generates 680 kN (150,000 lbf) of thrust. First stage S139 stage is 2.8 m in diameter and is made of M250 grade maraging steel and it has a nominal propellant loading of 139 t. Second stage The second stage is powered by the Vikas engine. It has 2.8 m diameter and uses 37.5 metric tons of liquid propellants with UDMH as fuel and nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) as oxidizer, in two aluminium alloy compartments separated by a common bulk head. It delivers 720 kN (160,000 lbf) of thrust. Third stage GSLV Mk.II D3 The third stage is propelled by a cryogenic rocket engine, 2.8 m in diameter and uses liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) in two separate tanks of aluminium alloy interconnected by an inter-stage. Propellant loading is 12.5 t. The indigenous cryogenic engine was built in Tamil Nadu at the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre. POLAR SATELLITE LAUNCH VEHICLE ïÆ'ËœThe Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle commonly known by its abbreviation PSLV is an expendable launch system developed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). ïÆ'ËœIt was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into sun synchronous orbits. ïÆ'ËœPSLV can also launch small size satellites into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). ïÆ'ËœThe PSLV has launched 41 satellites (19 Indian and 22 from other countries) into a variety of orbits till date. Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV-C8 (CA Variant) carrying the AGILE x-ray and ÃŽ ³-ray astronomical satellite of the ASI lifting off from Sriharikota FunctionMedium Lift Launch System ManufacturerISRO Country of origin India Size Height44 metres (144 ft) Diameter2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in) Mass294,000 kilograms (650,000 lb) Stages4 Capacity Payload to LEO 3,250 kilograms (7,200 lb) Payload to HCO 1,600 kilograms (3,500 lb)[1] Payload to GTO 1,060 kilograms (2,300 lb)[1] Launch history StatusActive Launch sitesSriharikota Total launches17 PSLV: 10 PSLV-CA: 6 PSLV-XL: 1 Successes15 PSLV: 8 PSLV-CA: 6 PSLV-XL: 1 Failures1 (PSLV) Partial failures1 (PSLV) Maiden flightPSLV: 20 September 1993 PSLV-CA: 23 April 2007 PSLV-XL: 22 October 2008 Notable payloadsChandrayaan-1 Boosters (Stage 0) â„â€" boosters6 Engines1 solid Thrust502.600 kN Specific impulse 262 sec Burn time44 seconds FuelHTPB (solid) First stage Engines1 solid Thrust4,860 kN Specific impulse 269 sec Burn time105 seconds FuelHTPB (solid) Second stage Engines1 Vikas Thrust725 kN Specific impulse 293 sec Burn time158 seconds FuelN2O4/UDMH Third stage Engines1 solid Thrust328 kN Specific impulse 294 sec Burn time83 seconds FuelSolid Fourth stage Engines2 liquid Thrust14 kN Specific impulse 308 sec Burn time425 seconds FuelMMH/UDMH PSLV is designed and developed at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram and Kerala. The inertial systems are developed by ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) at Thiruvananthapuram. The liquid propulsion stages for the second and fourth stages of PSLV as well as the reaction control systems are developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), also at Thiruvananthapuram. The solid propellant motors are processed by Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, which also carries out launch operations. After some delays, the PSLV had its first launch on 20 September 1993. Although all main engines performed as expected, an altitude control problem was reported in the second and third stages. After this initial setback, ISRO met complete success with the third developmental launch in 1996. Further successful launches followed in 1997, 1999, and 2001. PSLV continues to be the work horse of Indian satellite launches, especially for LEO satellites and the Chandrayaan Projects. It has undergone several improvements with each subsequent version, especially those involving thrust, efficiency as well as weight. ORBIT ïÆ'ËœAn orbit is a regular, repeating path that an object in space takes around another one. ïÆ'ËœAn object in an orbit is called a satellite. A satellite can be natural, like the moon, or human -made. ïÆ'ËœIn our solar system, the Earth orbits the Sun, as do the other eight planets. ïÆ'ËœThey all travel on or near the orbital plane, an imaginary disk-shaped surface in space. ïÆ'Ëœ All of the orbits are circular or elliptical in their shape. In addition to the planets orbits. HOW A SATELLITE STAY IN THE ORBIT ïÆ'ËœThe forward motion of the satellite is its momentum. If the gravity of the earth is not acting on the satellite, the satellite would continue in one direction. ïÆ'ËœThe swinging of the satellite gives it its forward motion. ïÆ'Ëœ When these two forces are equal, the satellite remains in orbit, without falling into or flying away from the Earth. ïÆ'Ëœ A satellites forward motion is controlled by rockets. ïÆ'ËœWhen the rockets are not fired, inertia keeps the satellite going in one direction. HOW SATELLITES WORK ïÆ'ËœReceiving uplinked radio signals from earth satellite transmission stations (antennas). ïÆ'ËœAmplifying received radio signals ïÆ'ËœSorting the input signals and directing the output signals through input/output signal multiplexers to the proper downlink antennas for retransmission to earth satellite receiving stations (antennas). MERITS ïÆ'ËœIn communication. ïÆ'ËœFor military purposes. ïÆ'ËœFor weather broadcasting. ïÆ'ËœIn terrestrial application. ïÆ'ËœSatellite Services. †¢Satellite internet access †¢Satellite phone †¢Satellite radio †¢Satellite television †¢Satellite navigation DE-MERITS ïÆ'ËœLifetime of a satellite is limited. ïÆ'ËœOnce damaged it is difficult to repair. ïÆ'ËœEconomically costly. ïÆ'ËœA small damage in any part can destroy the whole satellite. CONCLUSION ïÆ'ËœNow a day’s satellite is a basic communication media. ïÆ'ËœAny information can be transmitting from one point to another with the help of satellite. ïÆ'ËœAll people are using satellites directly or indirectly. ïÆ'ËœWithout satellites the days cannot be imagined.

Education: The Idea of A University Essay -- Sociology Sociological Es

Education: The Idea of A University It is true that every human being should have the right to a formal education. A great majority of parents send their children off to Kindergarten (or preschool if they should be so fortunate) in the hopes that someday they will watch their child receive his or her high school diploma. And the dream continues in the form of college. And who are these people who are privileged enough to receive such an honor. Just that...the privileged and the honored. The ones who are embarking into higher academia are the ones of the upper and middle classes; the privileged; the honored. The ones who might not have the money; but have the grades or physical talent to obtain scholarships. And what happens to the rest? For some kids, high school is where it ends. Some will go on to work for a family business, get a job in a drug store, travel and see the world or get married and have a family. Some will not be so fortunate and may not even make it out of high school. The kindergarten class where all of these youngsters started out together has now been divided into two groups: the educated and the uneducated. The effects of poverty and life circumstance have made their way into people’s lives transforming them into the "people that don’t go to college." Having defined these two distinct groups of people, it is time to examine their relationship. How do, more appropriately how should a society and a university interact and relate to one another? In answering this question I would like to examine two notions. First, how it is that people learn and become educated. Second, how can these people, belonging to both the "university" community and the "common" community, be linked together. I would like to b... ... educated from the uneducated, defined as humanities. Giving students the "know-how" to get along in the world was deemed just as important and the actual knowledge that one has obtained. The subject of formal knowledge was also brought to the table. Another way to link the university and society together is to use the canon as a common core. Making this canon accessible to everyone is essential if there is to be a merging between these two worlds. Works Cited Rose, M. "Lives on the Boundary." The Presence of Others: Voices and Images That Call for Response. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford & John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 105-119. Spayde, J. "Learning in the Key of Life." The Presence of Others: Voices and Images That Call for Response. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford & John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. 2000. 58-64.

Compare and Contrast Women in The Yellow Wallpaper and Story of an Hour :: Yellow Wallpaper Story of an Hour

Compare and Contrast Women Characters in The Yellow Wallpaper and Story of an Hour      Ã‚  Ã‚   Women have traditionally been known as the less dominant sex.   Through history women have fought for equal rights and freedom.   They have been stereotyped as being housewives, and bearers and nurturers of the children.   Only recently with the push of the Equal Rights Amendment have women had a strong hold on the workplace alongside men.   Many interesting characters in literature are conceived from the tension women have faced with men.   This tension is derived from men; society, in general; and within a woman herself.   Two interesting short stories, â€Å"The   Yellow Wall-paper and â€Å"The Story of an Hour, â€Å" focus on a woman’s plight near the turn of the 19th century.   This era is especially interesting because it is a time in modern society when women were still treated as second class citizens.   The two main characters in these stories show similarities, but they are also remarkably different in the ways they deal with their problems and life in general.   These two characters will be examined to note the commonalities and differences.   Although the two characters are similar in some ways, it will be shown that the woman in the â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is a stronger character based on the two important criteria of rationality and freedom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the unnamed female protagonist is going through a rough time in her life.   (For now on, this paper will refer to this unnamed character as the â€Å"the narrator in ‘Wall-paper,’† short for â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper.   The narrator is confined to room to a room with strange wall-paper.   This odd wall-paper seems to symbolize the complexity and confusion in her life.   In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard must also deal with conflict as she must deal with the death of her spouse.   At first there is grief, but then there is the recognition that she will be free.   The institute of marriage ties the two heroines of these two short stories together.   Like typical young women of the late 19th century, they were married, and during the course of their lives, they were expected to stay married.   U nlike today where divorce is commonplace, marriage was a very holy bond and divorce was taboo.   This tight bond of marriage caused tension in these two characters.

Bitstream

Some of them were top heavy structure, lot of dimensions in the organization etc. Jim sole cleared all these issues very intelligently. He started a team building process and the task and targets Of the company were made clear to everybody. According to Jim, he wanted the person who is able to take decisions and manage the people. Though Jim himself was in favor of selecting from his lot of people, but for the new venture in network printing, he thought that a person, who has some prior experience in the similar fields like VARY and network printing, would be more suitable.The key was to get the right brain t right place and matching personal goals with the job requirements that will make better chances of success. According to Sole, a person with positive attitude, intellectual curiosity, variety of experience, flexible, comfortable in handling situations, looking for fresh challenge was required. A person who can oversee the tail end of the development process and making sure that the product is the one what the customer needed. Also the person should be seasoned and who can leverage the resources Bitterest has developed.Options available as suitable candidate: The first candidate for the job IS William Wendell. He has the right kind of experience that is required, both in VARY and printing industry but not much of it. As per the remarks from Peter, he is â€Å"very political† and â€Å"very focused on own career†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ. According to me the later characteristic matches with the requirement as the success of the project, as this will sync with his own career advancement. The first remark is somewhat disturbing as for Bitterest a person who is a team leader and group worker is required.This will not disturb the team already there at Bitterest. The second option is Fred Fallow. According to me he is young and dynamic, but the experience is not that much for the job. He has variety of experience also. According to Peter remark, he is work hard and play hard kind of person. At times these types of persons are good but in certain situation they have casual approach that can lead to big problems. The third option is Chris Cowan. He has a lot of experience but according to me he is too old for this new project.At this level of experience, stubbornness comes in the attitude that will harm the new project as well as the teams developed by Jim. Even Peter remarks also tell that he is sometimes abrasive and headstrong. The last option is Mitchell Madison. Similar to Chris he has also tons of experience and in fact he is working as UP for the last 12 years or so. He can also develop similar attitude as Chris. As the remarks of Peter say that he is already getting almost $30000 more than what Bitterest is planning to offer.Preferred choice: According me the best suited candidate for the above post is William Wendell. He is young and having suitable work experience in both VARY and printing industry. Also he is career cautious that will add up for the success of the project. This is a developing field and he will surely want to do the best in this field. Though the danger is from his political side, but I think it may get tramline when he will join bitterest, where the culture is of team work. Apart from this he has all criteria matching with what desires.

Application Topic Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi

Grant Proposal/Application Topic Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Executive Summary Mother Teresa spent countless days and a better part of her life taking care of the lives of the less fortunate regardless of where they came from, gender, religion, and or race. She sought to see their faces full of joy, just as it is for the few wealthy and privileged people around the world. She did this passion-driven service until she met her death.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Grant Proposal/Application Topic: Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that she stood out as a figure that showed the need to take care of the less privileged, it is surprising that very few have taken over from her. Millions and millions of people are dying every minute because of lack of food, medical services, and or attention. In fact, extreme poverty, increased preventable deaths, and lack of accessibility to education by children are becoming out-of- hand challenges in some cities in the US. Mississippi is one of the poorest states in the US. A good number of the poor is women, majority of who have children. The poor conditions have hiked the level of illiteracy among the children in Mississippi, as they cannot afford quality education because of their poor parents. Again, such women have been exposed to risky sexual behaviors as they toil hard to make ends meet. They also have low self-esteem because of their status. Therefore, there is a need for a program that empowers these women psychologically and economically, an effort that will also boost literacy in the city and the entire US. Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is an organization that is concerned about this category of population. The organization is a non-governmental organization that was established to create awareness through advocacy campaigns to educate Mississippi people living in abject poverty and any other pathetic conditions. Children in Mississippi live with no hopes of seeing tomorrow. They live as if they are in their own world though this is not the case. The US government is aware of these people. However, it has no plans to improve their status. There is lack of planning and policies with the formulated ones not caring about the welfare of these people. After a survey carried out in the regions hardly hit by poverty in the US, Mississippi was selected for the advocacy campaign. The advocacy campaign is dubbed, â€Å"Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy.† It is aimed at compelling the US government to adopt policies and plans that are intended to save the extremely poor Mississippi people. The states in which these people live are not appealing. The region was selected because of its high rate of poverty despite having good natural resources to enable it improve the livelihood of its people. Because Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is not profit-oriented, it does not have funds to carry out the program. Funds to facilitate the campaign are in the form of grants from the International Fund.Advertising Looking for proposal on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organization’s positive results in other areas like New Jersey have demonstrated the benefits of advocacy campaigns. The campaign is expected to take duration of five years after which it is expected that the rate and prevalence of poverty in Mississippi would have reduced to minimal levels because amicable plans and policies would have been instituted to trigger change. The expected outcome after the campaign is to reduce the number of poor people in Mississippi besides heightening literacy levels in the region and the US at large. The rate of deaths from preventable diseases is expected to reduce with the number of children attending schools being expected to rise. This will be determined through evaluations that wil l be conducted after six months for the five years. Organization Information Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative Mission and Goals Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is a group of people around the US who are involved in advocacy campaigns aimed at holding the US’ leaders accountable for their policies and commitments. The organization’s mission statement is to heighten literacy levels by fighting extreme poverty and preventable diseases in the US. This mission statement clearly defines the goals of the organization in ensuring that the US government is held accountable besides being motivated to be committed in the fight against extreme poverty and the need for quality education for all. Therefore, the campaign requires the US’ leaders to adopt effective policies to implement in a bid to change the situation in the Mississippi. Background and History Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is an international advo cacy group working in various states in America. It targets poor or developing cities where the rate of poverty and preventable diseases is high with low educational standards of the young people. The initiative believes that these problems are preventable if only the US government implements its policies on the same. Therefore, the organization raises public awareness, as well as pressuring political leaders to come up with smart and effective policies and programs that can help save many children and people’s lives who die due to lack of enough food and or of preventive diseases. It campaigns for equal chances of securing jobs by providing quality and reliable education to all despite the differences in household backgrounds. The organization collaborates with like-minded organizations across the world at the grassroots level to press the government to implement affable policies that can solve these problems that affect the lives of many children. Currently, its membership is around three million.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Grant Proposal/Application Topic: Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To become a member, there is nothing that the member is charged. What is required is a commitment of the members to voice the concerns of the population to the US government to take actions that are aimed at ensuring that policies are put in place to ensure that lives are sustained. The large turnout of people to trigger the US government’s actions clearly demonstrates that the organization is influencing many people’s lives across the world. Therefore, Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is a force to trigger change in the US. Location The organization’s head office is in the United States 1400 Eye Street, Suite 600, Washington, DC 2005. Population Served The organization serves the general population across the US. It targets poor people and those who cannot access quality education in Mississippi. The organization works with activists and people who are concerned with the status of the poor in the society. It reaches the US’ leaders through advocacy campaigns to compel them to come up with working policies. Current Programs Currently, the organization has rolled out its campaigns in different states around the US to reach leaders. Recent Accomplishments The organization has been recognized as one of the forces behind improved leadership in most of the states in the US. It has teamed up with other like-minded local organizations besides helping to trigger positive change in the leadership of states like New Jersey whose rate of poverty has reduced to significant levels besides improving accessibility of medical services. Staff For any organization to grow and achieve its objectives, human resources are essential. The management board, which comprises finance advisor, comm unication manager, media officer, program manager, and monitoring and evaluation specialist, controls the organization, which provides leadership on the programs and strategies to use in ensuring that a positive change is attained in the cities faced with high rates of poverty like Mississippi.Advertising Looking for proposal on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The members are the staff that is used to voice the concerns of the poor to the authorities. Therefore, membership is voluntary. It draws people who are in accord and who are concerned with the plight and status of the poor in the Mississippi. Problem Statement Poverty is one of the problems that many states in America are grappling with now and then. Mississippi is one of the poorest states in America. There are various reasons that best explain why the prevalence of poverty is higher here compared to other states. One of them is the lack of fundamental principles to eradicate poverty. The region has poor policies that can assist it from breaking through this yoke of poverty and poor education. Secondly, the leadership is corrupt: it is mindful of its self-interest instead of addressing the challenges faced by the state. Other reasons include poor accessibility to education because of low social-economic status of most of the parents, especially single mothers. Bad weather, unfavor able climate, and other reasons also cause poverty. For instance, â€Å"Mississippi and New Mexico had the highest poverty rates with more than one out of every five people in each state living in poverty† (Associated Press, 2011, Para. 1). It implies that, if inadequate measures are not adopted to reverse the trend, these people are geared to experience hunger. Many of them will not be able to buy food because of the limited amount of money they have. This is an alarming finding, which should be looked into to establish why there is a high rate of poverty in Mississippi. Among the causes are poor institutional and the colonial system policies that were imposed to the people. Even though structural changes have been instituted to reverse the situation, large numbers of people here are still languishing in poverty. They lack education. The educated ones cannot get employment because of poor institutional policies. In this region, most investment plans and government policies t end to favor the rich leaving out the poor who mostly live in the in slum-like houses. Furthermore, other social challenges such as HIV/AIDs have continued to affect most people living in this region. Many of them are highly affected and infected by the HIV/AIDs. This has further added burden to the poor people in the region. They cannot access good medication due to lack of money. Research indicates, â€Å"In 2011, Mississippi reported 5816 cases of gonorrhea† (Fact Sheet, 2011, Para. 2: Kaiser, 2009, Para. 2). The finding reveals the high prevalent cases of HIV/AIDs to the poor. The society is faced with acute problems that hinder it from living a decent life. Due to these social challenges, it becomes difficult for such people to take their children to schools. Most extremely poor people struggle to get food. They do not have enough money to take care of their children. Therefore, children are denied an opportunity to go to school. This further worsens the situation as the rate of poor people continues to expand. Poor planning and poor policies cause most of the challenges. Government leaders and other leaders have the potential to eradicate poverty to ensure that society is able to access fundamental amenities without strain. These problems limit the potential of a state to attain its economic achievements. Therefore, this is the reason why this advocacy is important since it will enable the US’ leaders to come up with the best strategies to tackle the problems relating to poverty in Mississippi since they threaten to explode in the near future if urgent measures are not taken. Literature Review Poverty is one of the social problems and challenges that wrestle many developing countries. Millions of people are lingering in abject poverty. Statistics on the number of people in extreme poverty is disturbing. For instance, according to Hansen (2012), â€Å"poor people in Mississippi still have health problems, even if they have Medicaid or healt h insurance, even if there are clinics in their communities, even if they get home health services. They do not get better, and the diseases born of poverty and obesity are not prevented; thousands of people frequent emergency rooms for illnesses that could have been tackled by primary care† (Para. 2). According to the World Bank, poverty is equivalent to hunger. It is characterized by the absence of shelter, lack of access to medical attention, schools, and jobs. The list is endless. Therefore, poverty is all about the negatives and those factors that hinder individuals from living happily. Poverty is also equated to lack of freedom and being powerlessness. Therefore, this implies that people faced with abject poverty can be treated in any manner. Those in power can abuse them especially during election periods. The powerful people capitalize on these weaknesses to garner support. Hopeful citizens vote for such leaders in office who forget about their needs after being electe d. After their terms elapse, the cycle recurs. This trend has contributed greatly to increased number of people remaining poor. In fact, leaders would always wish that such slums and poor people continue to increase to enable them achieve their ambitions. To know the appropriate ways of eradicating poverty, what can work and or what cannot, and what changes over time, it is imperative to measure poverty besides defining and studying it in details. This will help to find answers and amicable solutions that can help in alleviating the prevalence of poverty. According to the World Bank, the most common and the best measure of poverty is the level of income. A person is considered poor if the level of income falls under the threshold set by a government. Minimum level of income is called poverty levels. Different countries have set their poverty levels depending on factors such as time, place, level of development, societal norms, and values among other factors. For instance, in Britain , the government has three levels under which it uses to define poverty. These include relative poverty, absolute poverty, and social exclusion. Absolute poverty is the situation where an individual lacks resources for his/her own upkeep. According to the US Census Bureau (2012), â€Å"Relative poverty is defined in terms of the average income or resources that an individual has where all people under this category cannot fully participate in the day-to-day activities due to the absence of material needs† (Para. 3). On the other hand, social exclusion is a new term that explains the consequences that are likely to happen in situations where there is no access to employment or where people have low incomes, poor skills, high crime environments, poor housing, family breakdown, and bad health. Mississippi is the hardest hit by extreme cases of poverty (p. 692). The number of poor people grew from 217 million in 1987 to more than 300 million in the year 1998 (US Census Bureau, 20 12, Para. 4: Magubane, 2008, p.692), which is a high percentage of increase in poverty. Drawing from this finding, one gets a clear picture of the pathetic state of children in Mississippi. It is terrifying to see children cry of hunger, die of diseases, or lack parental care due to causes that are beyond their control. Living has become hard for them as they are not given an opportunity to go to school. It is not the wish of parents, but the lack of resources to take them to school. Children become breadwinners at a tender age. Many children in Mississippi also die from preventable diseases. Furthermore, many children in the region are underweight due to poor nutrition. They also suffer from diseases such as measles. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, â€Å"A child in Mississippi is born in poverty after every 46 minutes†¦ is abused or neglected every 2 hours†¦dies before his/her first birthday every 20 hours† (2007, Para. 1). These findings make it clear that poverty is such a killer condition. Once it strikes, it deprives parents of their attention to children since they cannot get any means (funds) to offer food, good shelter, or even health to their helpless children. Abandoning them (the children) remains their only option and hence the many early death cases in Mississippi. These are settlements where the level of income is limited hence hindering people from accessing fundamental basic needs. Most people in informal settlements in Mississippi are employed as manual laborers. Therefore, their salary cannot sustain them. Therefore, they prefer living in such environments to meet their most important needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. It is not the wish of an individual to live in such environments. Rather, the situation forces this to be the only solution. The US government has a role of ensuring that it provides better policies that can enable people to look for opportunities to lead a positive life. Poor leadership in this state has contributed to most of the extreme poverty cases. Leaders whom people elect are not focused. They lack vision. They only seek to amass wealth to satisfy their self-interests. It astonishes that, at some point in the1960s, states that are performing well in their economy were once at the same level with Mississippi. However, decades have passed with no solid developments in Mississippi, which is a good illustration of how ignorant the US government has been. Furthermore, leaders, not only in the US, are hungry for power. This has contributed to negative effects as wars have erupted causing losses of many lives and property destruction. This case has worsened the situation besides contributing to the collapse of the economy. Therefore, for the US to reduce poverty in Mississippi and other affected regions, there is a lot of work it needs to do to be successful. Otherwise, the situation may come out of hand. Therefore, to ease this work by the government, t he program will partner with organizations whose aims and objectives match its goal of curbing poverty in Mississippi. These partners are proficient when it comes to handling the issue at hand because they have been doing it for long in many other areas. For instance, the program will partner with ‘The action Aid’, which is an international non-governmental organization that is well placed to know the issues and changes that children from a poor background go through. It aims at ensuring that children are taken good care of and are taken to school to pursue their academics to achieve their goals. This organization sponsors children from poor backgrounds. Therefore, information from this organization will be of great assistance in enabling the staffs and members of the organization to be abreast with facts about the prevalence on rate of poverty. Therefore, in this Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative campaign, ‘The Action Aid’ will come in handy in ensuring that the program succeeds. ‘Wake up Youths’ is yet another group that the organization will collaborate with to ensure that it achieves its objectives and goals. It consists of like-minded youths in the slum areas. The focus of the group is to stimulate economic growth among youths in the areas. These youths have been raised up in these slums. Therefore, they understand the challenges that people in slums go through as they try to make ends meet. Therefore, they understand the difficulties of slum dwellers. This knowledge will be of great importance to the advocacy initiative. The group will be used to present its policies and demands to the leaders for a remedial action. Therefore, it will participate besides presenting itself to the US’ leaders to explain its problems and need to compel the government to take appropriate actions to ensure that people in the poverty-hit Mississippi are also assisted by the government to enable them become s elf-sustainable. The Activists Group in the US is also very essential in the campaign initiative. Activists are very vocal as they aspire to ensure that human rights and freedom of the people are respected. The constitution of the US is clear on the government’s initiative to ensure that nobody suffers from poverty, dies of preventable diseases, or fails to go to school. Therefore, this group comes up with programs that are aimed at empowering such vulnerable population to engage in an economic venture to enable Mississippi people sustain their families, as well as themselves. This organization is also ensuring that adequate measures are put in place to fight with preventable disease such as malaria and typhoid in Mississippi. To do this, it educates the members of the communities and poor families on the need to ensure cleanliness every time. These awareness programs will help Mississippi people to change their behaviors in terms of ensuring high levels of hygiene in every t hing they do. Therefore, this organization is a very important partner because it will help in providing evidence and statistics on the level of poverty and the rate at which people from these areas succumb to death due to the failure to access good medical care. Therefore, the activists together with employees will compel the US government to formulate policies that are aimed at promoting good governance by voicing these issues. The issues that Mississippi faces at the grassroots levels will be voiced to the concerned leaders for an immediate solution to be instituted to remedy the solutions. Program Objectives and Expected Outcomes Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is purposed to reach the US leaders with a goal of stressing the need for accountability for the lives that are lost in regions such as Mississippi because of ignorance from leaders. The increasing rates of deaths due to poverty and preventable diseases should be brought to an end. It is astonish ing how these countries have enough resources at their disposal. Yet, they fail to utilize them to their advantage. Poor policies and lack of appropriate machinery to implement policies are the key contributors of the problems facing poor people in Mississippi. The objectives of the program include: To reach the US government through advocacy campaigns to petition for adoption of good policies that will uplift the lives of poor people in Mississippi To ensure that policies are implemented to ensure that children from poor families are educated and trained in Mississippi To ensure that all target groups in Mississippi (women, children, and young people) are empowered and are able to access good medical care To ensure that the US leaders who fail to address issues pertaining to poverty alleviation are pressurized to do so This very intensive campaign is expected to bring changes to the lives of people in Mississippi. Many people in Mississippi are living below the poverty line. They cannot access good medical services and food. Despite the fact that Mississippi has fertile arable land, people here continue to depend on sponsors and donations. This trend has made most of them lose hope in the US government. This constitutes one of the things that this program seeks to end. The US leaders will be required to be proactive working hard to uplift the lives of the suffering Mississippi people. Adequate resources available in this region will be put to full utilization to improve farming and productivity. Furthermore, this campaign will ensure that the number of children enrolling to schools increases. In the current world, education is the pillar and foundation of a nation. Countries that do not invest in education are planning to fail because illiterate people cannot manage them. Therefore, the advocacy campaign will also focus on this important issue to ensure that fundamental plans are put in place to ensure that children in Mississippi access good schools and ed ucation. Most poor parents cannot get good medical attentions. This affects their growth and life in the future. Preventive diseases are another area that many people in Mississippi face. Many people die from these preventable diseases such as malaria and typhoid among others due to poverty and lack of money to seek good medical treatment. Therefore, his campaign seeks to solve the issue. If the US leaders can only get their calculations right, there is nothing that can hinder them from achieving and realizing their dreams of a poverty-free Mississippi. This is expected to trigger positive change in the general lives of people in Mississippi. Program Design and Methodology The program is expected to take duration of five years, which is enough time to ensure that prominent US leaders meet with the advocacy groups to negotiate on various issues that pertain to the challenges that Mississippi people face in a bid to provide affable solutions. In the design, officers will carry out a s urvey to determine the US regions that are highly affected by high rates of preventive deaths, poverty, and high school dropouts. In the initial stage, the survey will be carried out in all the American states to choose the regions that have higher rates of people living in extreme poverty. Even though most of them may be facing these problems, the rate of prevalence may not be similar. Furthermore, this survey will factor in various issues, which may include the forms of government, the availability of resources, and fundamental infrastructure to drive the economy forward. In the survey, government data and statistics on population and the rate of poverty will be analyzed, reviewed, and compared with other regions. Furthermore, research will be carried out since data will be collected from various locations including areas such as slums, as well as from those middle class populations. These reviews will be of great importance as views of the population concerning their plights will be analyzed and incorporated in the campaign strategy. After the survey, the US state that will have very high rates of poverty prevalence will be given priority. The team will have to make a decision whether to roll out the campaign in all the hardly-hit states or in the one that has high rates of poverty. This decision will also be arrived at by considering the availability of resources and the number of members in the states to make it a reality. Due to limitation in the resources at the disposal, the only region that will be given attention is the one with high prevalence rates of poverty. Therefore, the campaign will be done in Mississippi region only. After identification of the focus region, machinery will be put in place to kick-start the campaigns. The timetable will be clearly set with the course of actions that will require to be followed to ensure that the program achieves the best results. The personnel in charge of the various locations within the selected region will be trained on various aspects to enable them perform better to produce excellent results. Program Staff Human capital is one of the fundamental components in ensuring that a program succeeds or fails. The program members will run it in the relevant countries. A team leader will be recruited to ensure that all the programs and activities in the respective countries are going on well. The team leaders will be the ones to compile reports and submit them to the head office to evaluate on the milestone made. The other members will be trained on public relations skills to acquaint them with how they need to interact with their leaders. The training will be done through the internet. Members will be directed to websites where they will be given the login details- password and username to gain entry to the learning resources. This is aimed at reducing the costs of carrying out training besides saving on time since the members are literate. Those who have the skills will direct the few that may not be having knowledge in computer. The members will work or roll out their campaigns from the grassroots levels whereby they will engage with the leaders of various institutions to help them with ideas on how they can resolve problems that they face. The campaigns will be rolled out to the national levels bringing into perspective national leaders who, in most states, are the ones who provide decisions on which projects to initiate. These staff members will volunteer their services. Therefore, they will not be entitled to salary but rather a small token to motivate them to continue with the initiative. Few other employees will also be recruited to ensure that the program is well rolled out to achieve its objectives. They will be entitled to salary. They will sign a contract with the organization to ensure that they achieve their objectives. Those who will not manage to satisfy or adhere to the terms of the contracts will not be tolerated. They will be summoned for the first t ime. However, in the second sermon, their contract will be terminated. The organization expects that the employees will be people of high skills and knowledge in matters of relations and advocacy to ensure that they engage in the exercise in a professional manner. The results should be evident at the end of the five years. They should have shown that indeed they have performed and influenced the leaders to change their policies to adopt others that can stimulate investments to uplift the poor Mississippi people besides ensuring that children from poverty-stricken areas like Mississippi attend schools and or access good medical treatment. Program Partnerships To ensure that the project succeeds, Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative will enter partnership with various organizations that operate in America as briefly hinted above. The organizations that Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative will partner with include the Action Aid, Wake up Youth s, Poverty eradication in America, and the Activists Groups. The reasons for this partnership are to ensure that Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative reaches many US leaders and people to influence them to adapt appropriate strategies. Furthermore, these partners are formed to perform duties that relate to what the group would like to offer. They are like-minded groups that agitate for the rights of the people. Further, they are concerned with the welfare of the poor people in the society. Therefore, they understand the problems that people in poor regions go through better. They are better placed to provide good recommendation on the best policies that can help improve the living standards of people in these Mississippi states besides making them access schools and medical services. These partners will be notified through an official letter from the organization. The letter would request them to collaborate with the organization in ensuring that they bring to t he attention the poverty situations in Mississippi and the best ways to formulate policies that can alleviate such problems better. In the letter, they will be informed on various duties that the organization does, the theme of the advocacy campaign, and the concealment date among other important information of why the program is important in ensuring that the lives of the people are uplifted. Program Timeline Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is scheduled to take five years. The program is scheduled to kick-start when the notice of a grant award is served. It is expected to end with the first evaluation of the program. Upon notice of grant award, the chief executive officer of the company will communicate to his fellow board members to inform them of the release of the money. The organization will write to the International Funds to acknowledge and send appreciation for the grant. This letter will acknowledge the receipt of funds by the organization’s accounts. Members will come together in round-the-table talks to arrange and budget for the funds. Duties will be assigned to managers to execute the tasks. Furthermore, all the program partners will receive calls and updates on arrangements such as the date when the program commences and other relevant details. Furthermore, a meeting will be scheduled to assist in coordination of activities of different organizations. Public announcement and media release of the program will be prepared and disseminated in various organizations. In the first to the third month, the initial stages of program implementation will take place. During this period, the training of members and other employees will take place. The members will be assigned their areas of jurisdiction and the rules that they will work with. After the campaign is rolled out, the evaluation will take place after six months to determine the milestones that would have been made for the few months. Team leaders will have to file their reports on the achievements they have made so far. These evaluations will be done after every five years. The last evaluation will be done in the fifth year to ascertain the milestone that will have been made. The program will come into conclusion after some noticeable achievements made. Plans will be taken on how the project will be sustained for the coming years. Program Monitoring Process and Evaluation Plan For the program to fair on smoothly, monitoring and evaluation are imperative. Monitoring and evaluation specialists will scrutinize and assess the program on a daily basis on its outcomes. A supervisor will be assigned the role of ensuring that the program performs as expected. The supervisor will work in all the sub-regions of Mississippi. He or she will have to transverse across the regions to find out the performance of the project. Evaluation is a process of checking and assessing an action plan after some time to determine whether the program is fairing on as requ ired. It is also aimed at determining the area that needs urgent correction to institute urgent measures. Evaluation is also important in a project because it allows improvement of the service provided in the program. In this case, the managers will carry out evaluations after every six months. The evaluations will be aimed at checking whether the company is making positive progress or not. In the first six months after the program is rolled out, a survey will be carried out to determine the magnitude the program has affected the US prominent leaders. A sample of leaders, as well as campaign lobbyists, will be given questionnaires while others will be interviewed to find out how they find the program in the six months. This information is important in this process of project implementation because it will help the organization to come up with viable strategies to change the effects of the current situations. Furthermore, evaluation will also measure other central objectives related to the program such as any positive intervention and decrease in cost of life among many others. For instance, when the number of children who are not sent away from school to collect school fees does not increase, it will demonstrate that the government has not done enough measures to control poverty prevalence. However, because this is a very short period, the number is expected to be low. This evaluation will also enable the organization- Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative to continue strengthening its relationships with other groups to help it achieve its missions. This relationship will enable the target audience to provide information without fear. It will also participate in various important issues concerning the elimination of poverty in the poverty-stricken areas. Organizational Capacity The organization is well prepared to ensure that this campaign becomes successful. The company’s online training program is aimed at equipping the members and workers with relevant skills on how they should conduct the campaign. The training is high-class intending to prepare members by equipping them with skills to allow them perform their tasks with ease. The venture is not that easy since it requires frequent meetings with members of the public. Therefore, public relation and etiquette skills are paramount to ensure that this becomes a success. This training is provided by the organization itself. Furthermore, the partners the organization has incorporated are very important in ensuring that this process becomes a success. These partners have enough relevant information and expertise that the organization will adopt to ensure that the program succeeds. For instance, Action Aid as highlighted earlier has been serving different countries for a long period. Therefore, many people are familiar with the organization. This will help boost our image towards the public. There are various success stories that are associated with the organizati on. The organization is attributed to have successfully carried out advocacy campaigns in different countries in its neighborhood. Therefore, this is a reason enough to demonstrate the capacity of the organization to carry out successful campaign strategies. Many children did not attend schools. Many died of preventive diseases. However, when the program was rolled out, it helped many people to change their ways of life by uplifting and even liberating them from the menace of poverty. The government began to adopt and implement policies that ensured that the poor and the vulnerable are reached with measures put in place to improve their lives. The success that was made from this program was worth. Still, the government is committed to ensuring that its population can access essential services and amenities. Program Sustainability Program sustainability is an important aspect to ensure that the project is able to add value to society. However, this requires that appropriate considera tions be adhered to sustain the program. Even as its timeline concludes, the program is expected to remain in the operation to enable the members of the society to continue demanding their rights if no actions would not have been taken at the time of its conclusion. The activists groups in the regions will be required to continue with the efforts of pressing the government to provide good services to its people. An agreement will be sealed between the two to ensure that this is not breached by setting a sub branch of the organization in every sub-region, which will work under the umbrella of the activist movement. This unit’s mandate will be to ensure that the campaign is alive. The government will be compelled to provide these services to its members without relenting. The important thing is to ensure that, in all programs and policies, government policies are in tandem with the objective of eradicating poverty besides ensuring that all Mississippi people in extreme poverty are attended well. The mouthpiece of the group will be the activists who will continue demanding the support of the extremely poor from the government. They will also be voicing the demands and other needs of the people. Furthermore, the organization will develop a strategic plan that will be implemented and administered by the units that will be left in the sub-regions of Mississippi to ensure that cases of extreme poverty are eradicated. In the strategic plan, members will be in the sub-regions to ensure that the US implements policies appropriately to meet any challenges that may result in the course of the advocacy campaigns. In addition, to be sustainable, there is the need for the provision of financial aids to ensure that the activities of the organization go on smoothly. The people carrying out this agenda require funds for their own sustainability as well as the sustainability of the program. A budget plan will be drafted to cover for some years that the organization will o perate in Mississippi. Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is a non-profit organization whose grants will be apportioned to cover the financial expenses that will come after the duration expires. Those organizations or individuals who may have the same vision may also donate funds for the organization to help it in furthering its objectives and goals. These funds will be channeled in a special account aimed at sustaining the program. The funds will only be used for the purposes of sustaining the program. No person will be entitled to withdraw money from the account without the authority of the management. Program Budget A specialist group in budget drafting will be required to come up with a budget that will cover all the expenses that the organization will incur in its operations in the five Mississippi sub-regions. Because most of the members of the organization are substantial, and thus not entitled to salary, this will play a great deal in helping the organ ization save on its expenditures. They will only be given a small token as an appreciation and encouragement for them to work hard to ensure that these changes are effected in the organization. The trainers, team managers, and supervisor will require salaries to enable them execute their duties. This will be included in the budget. Furthermore, expenses to be incurred in traveling will be factored in the budget to ensure that the activities of the organization run smoothly. The management will come together to debate on the required budget. The whole budget for ensuring that the campaign runs on smoothly until the end is expected to cost 1177700 US dollars. The funds will be used appropriately to ensure that the campaign succeeds. The amount of money that will be channeled to each of the five sub-regions of Mississippi will be 235540USD. This budget is divided into equal measures because populations affected by abject poverty are equal. The detailed budget is as below Activity Bu dget Total Securing work stations in 5 sub-regions in Mississippi 8000*5USD 40000USD Purchasing of working instruments (Vehicles and Computers) 120000USD 120000USD Paying rent for each for 5 years 1500*5*5USD 37500USD Baseline Evaluation of the program 552000USD 552000USD End line Evaluation of the program 552000USD 552000USD Training 8000USD 8000USD Salary for 5 years 225000USD 225000USD Working station support for continued campaign after the 5thyear 60000USD 60000USD Miscellaneous 80000USD 80000USD Total 1177700USD Reference List Associated Press. (2011). Nearly one in four People in Mississippi living below Poverty  line as Rates Rise in Almost every state. Retrieved from dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2051700/Nearly-people-Mississippi-poverty-rates-rise-EVERY-state.html Fact Sheet. (2011). Sexually Transmitted Diseases Fact Sheet 2011 Mississippi. Retrieved from http://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/resources/4695.pdf Hansen, S. (2012). What Can Mississipp i Learn from Iran? Retrieved from  www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/magazine/what-can-mississippis-health-care-system-learn-from-iran.html?pagewanted=all Kaiser, H. (2009). Mississippi has eighth Highest HIV Rate among Young Adults in  Nation. Retrieved from medicalnewstoday.com/releases/158394.php Magubane, Z. (2008). The American Construction of the Poor White Problem.  South Atlantic Quarterly, 107(4), 691-713. United States Department of Agriculture. (2007). Poverty in Mississippi. Retrieved from usm.edu/poverty/temp_parts/Mahlet/poverty_in_mississippi.html US Census Bureau. (2012). Mississippi Has Highest Poverty and Lowest Income. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2012/09/20/news/economy/income-states-poverty/index.html Appendix I Poverty-Free Mississippi Certification Preference will be given to any initiative/organization/business that has poverty-fighting programs. In accordance with section 25(2)(a) of Mississippi statutes, any two or more competitive appeals made to the state for procurement of goods or contractual services can be strongly attractive in terms of cost, value, and services. Therefore, any application received from a business/initiative that manifests that it has implemented any poverty-free plan successfully shall be chosen as the most preferred for the award of carrying out the task. However, to have a poverty-free Mississippi initiative, an organization shall: Engage all the US media platforms (TVs, Radios, and Print) for a three-week awareness campaign on the need for the US government to save the poverty-stricken Mississippi people Inform the US government on the need to have all illiterate children in Mississippi taken to schools free of charge to improve literacy levels of Mississippi state Impose a stern fine to any parent denying his/her child(ren) the free education specified in II Make a tireless effort, assisted by the US government, to uplift the standards of Mississippi state by establishing appropriate laws and regula tions that will help make the Mississippi dream a reality Appendix II Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative Chart

Strategic Marketing Management

Strategic Marketing Management Introduction Internet marketing has played a major role in expanding the market shares for companies across the globe. Customers use internet-based online purchasing to acquire the commodities in the market. They use it as a means of saving time and to get a wide range of options for goods and prices for the goods.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Strategic Marketing Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through the internet, the customers are able to explore the different products and company brands that are available in the market as well as their prices and therefore have the opportunity to make choices that suit their preferences and their financial capabilities. Although companies have many marketing and distribution channels to market and sell their brands, internet-based online distribution channels are growing at a fast rate considering that today, we are in a globalized market. Companies empl oy internet-based online marketing to achieve market segmentation and positioning to target specific market areas so as to increase their market shares and therefore optimize profit. The internet-based online marketing has significantly changed the role of customers in the service industry. They have taken an active role in determining value creation. Services industries therefore have to balance trade-offs to achieve benefits while making sacrifices that favour their customers. The airline industry is among the services industries that have applied internet-based online marketing strategy in the United Arab Emirates to achieve their marketing goals. One such airline company that applies internet-online based is Continental Airlines. Its airline industry data shows that online marketing has penetrated the leisure travel market as well as the low-fare market (Brunger 66). Although the company’s internet distribution channels yield lower revenue as compared to its revenues from traditional travel agencies by a significant percentage, the data available shows that internet distribution channels are fast catching up in the market. Purpose and Scope The aim of this study is to analyse Continental’s organizational effectiveness in implementing internet-based online marketing strategy. The paper examines the effect of the internet on the company’s marketing and the company’s ability to effectively explore the internet in the evolving role of marketing. The paper examines how the company uses the internet for pricing management as well as for product management. It explores Continental Airlines ability to apply internet-based online marketing to achieve market segmentation and positioning as well as market targeting. It discusses the company’s market research and analysis through the use of the characteristics of its online travel agency and traditional agency customers to expand its services and market. Finally, the paper explores t he company’s use of the internet in channels management.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Methodology The study takes both qualitative and quantitative analysis of internet-based online marketing applied by Continental Airlines. The study reviews the literature written by William Brunger on the price effect of the internet. The data available in the journal is both qualitative and quantitative. The analysis takes a look at the research results presented by Brunger from the large multivariate regression analysis of the data from the company’s data base. The information available includes data that was collected between June 2003 and June 2007. The study evaluates Continental Airlines’ effectiveness in the application of its internet marketing strategy by comparing its strategies to standard marketing strategies obtained from other writ ten sources. The data that was used for the research presented in this journal was collected from the bookings from the airlines website (continental.com) as well as from its reservation offices and contained complete records of Continental Airlines’ customer information. Literature Review Airline yields for Continental Airlines which is expressed as the amount of money each customer pays for a mile is said to be on the decline since 1988 when the company began to offer internet purchasing services to its customers. However, the internet sales have tremendously increased over the years and this has been the major reason for the reduction in its yields. The study that was carried out from June 2003 to June 2007 found out that the company’s internet distribution channels yielded 25% less (Brunger 66). The company offers equivalent fares as well as equal inventory allocations to both its online travel agencies and its traditional travel agencies. The company has establish ed that its traditional travel agencies yield more revenue to the company since its business customers particularly business corporations rely on them to manage their travel budgets. The business customers are ready to pay higher fares as compared to the leisure customers since they acquire their travel tickets from the traditional agencies. The traditional agencies sold higher fare tickets to customers than online travel agencies. On the contrary, Continental Airlines offered equal fare averages and inventory to both its traditional and online distributional channels. The online customers are able to explore all the brands available through advanced searches to acquire low-priced tickets which are available during the off-peek hours and days while customer who use traditional agencies do not get the same chance to explore all the prices available. To them, they rely on the explanations offered by the traditional agencies. The study showed that the marked difference on its revenue c ollection depended on the purpose of the travel.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Strategic Marketing Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Continental Airlines offers an array of airline pricing structure as part of its marketing strategy. It has segmented its markets and offers a range of fare products in every market. Each fare product comes with fare restrictions particularly for the advanced ticket purchases. It sets penalties for ticket refunds and change restrictions and also sets conditions for stay requirements (Brunger 67). The airline use price differentiation to segment its markets. Its offers different fare products targeting its main two categories of customers which are the leisure travelers and business travelers. Most of its online fare products structures are targeted to the leisure customers. The airline defines leisure travelers as those visiting friends and relatives as well as c ustomers travelling on vacation. The airline’s revenue management system ensures that it offers different fares products in each given flight at any particular time in the same market. The airline also uses the Expected Marginal Seat Revenue to predict the price that the customer is ready to pay by applying the power of its regression technique. Thus the airlines revenue system enables it apply product differentiation as well as price discrimination to its customers in the same market. For example, in June 2006, the Houston-to-Seattle market had five different fare products in the airline’s fare structure which include a 7-day advance purchasing as well as change or refund restrictions. The different rates offered to the customers were designed to suit different categories of customers which are the price-sensitive leisure customers and the less-price-sensitive business customers. The fares also varied with time of the day and the day of the week depending on the peak periods of the travel time or day. The information available at the Continental Airlines’ database indicates that most online travel agencies customers were more likely to buy lower ticket fares. Customers who purchase their tickets through the airline’s online travel agencies use internet’s enhanced search engines to buy less expensive fare tickets which are offered by the airline’s revenue management system. The internet also provides real-time fare alternatives to customers (Brunger 70-71). Continental Airlines uses its internet-based online marketing to segment its customer population. The airline uses the customer information to evaluate the purpose for the trip and its relative effect on the fare product chosen in order to design fare products which are market specific. It uses differentiated pricing for each of its market segments.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The differentiated product fares focus on homogeneous sub-groups of its customers who exhibit almost same characteristics. The data on its online customers allows the airline to analyse all the customer characteristics and therefore classify them into more homogeneous groups. This enables the airline to design fare products which best suits its online groups of customers. Previous studies and this research showed that leisure customers who use online channels to purchase their fare tickets tend to be more price-sensitive as well as less brand loyal as compared to leisure customers who use other distribution channels. This results from the internet’s enhanced search capabilities (Brunger 70). The airline uses the data available in its database from the online customers to carry out market research and analysis. It uses regression techniques to determine the effect of its online marketing strategy on its sales volume, total revenue collection, customer characteristics and marke t effects. It uses the results of its market research to redesign product fares which enable it achieve market segmentation and positioning through product and price differentiation. The information available from its online customers provides all characteristic needed for its quantitative analysis. It analyses the mean value attributes of its customers to determine their attitudes towards its market brands and fare products and therefore classify them into a pool of homogeneous groups. This enables the airline to design brands and products that best meet their requirements through its distribution channels. Findings Continental Airlines uses a customer-dominant marketing strategy in its service provision to create value to customers. Its customer-company interactions focus on the mental life of its customers who use its services. The results from various studies show that the increase in internet usage has increased the spread of restricted and unrestricted airline fares. The studi es also show that more customers have increased their search for airline travel online (Lane and Verlinda 1). The Evolving role of Marketing Internet has shifted the traditional role of marketing which focused on product marketing and exchange to interactions (Heinonen, Strandvik and Voima 3). The internet also increases the utility of the airline as it enables it trade off-peak inventory to its online customers who utilise high-search engines to explore its product fares and brands while at the same time reserving more economically valuable seats to its customers who are less price-sensitive. The internet enables Continental Airlines to sell its seats during the off-peak days and hours when the customers are fewer. It online transparency as well as differentiated pricing gives its online customers the opportunity to purchase tickets and travel during such times. The internet allows the customers to pay a positive cost to search on the airline’s offerings and therefore identi fy and purchase their preferred brands. Thus, internet-based online marketing enables the airline to apply brand-intensive competition through its differentiated product fares (Lane and Verlinda 2). Product Pricing and Management The airline uses the internet and the online travel agencies to communicate and effect sophisticated pricing policies to customers and therefore experiences higher degree of price management through its various distribution channels. Its revenue management system enables it to charge higher fares to a section of its customers in the same market. The internet has also created numerous alternative sources for information on prices and hence enhances transparency in its fare products. The customers are therefore enabled to gain access to the fare products across a range of flights in the market. This has enabled Continental Airline to attract more non-loyal customers. The regression analysis that was done after the research that was done between 2003 and 2007 showed that most of the airline’s customers who use the traditional travel agencies belong to the group of its loyal customers (Frequent Flyer Program). The airline uses the internet information to calculate the minimum Expected Marginal Seat Revenue that it charges on every flight. The Expected Marginal Seat Revenue is the minimum price that the customer has to pay to purchase a fare ticket for a given flight. It uses sophisticated revenue management systems to determine the prospects for filling the remaining seats on the particular flight. The airline continuously updates its Expected Marginal Seat Revenue as bookings for each flight continues. It optimizes network and high-level benefits by considering the connections and interactions that exist among flights. It uses the Expected Marginal Seat Revenue as a mean average so that whenever a prospective online customer searches its reservation system on a given flight, the reservation system matches the particular Expected M arginal Seat Revenue with the fares offered in the airlines market during that period. The reservation system would therefore only display fare products which have higher values than the Expected Marginal Seat Revenue. Fare products with lower values are hidden from the prospective customer (Brunger 69). Internet in Channels Management Internet enables airlines to manage their distribution channels by controlling the flow of information on its product fares and brands. It has changed the institutional functions of its distribution channels thereby allowing agencies to adopt online-based sales and advertisements of the organisation’s offerings. It has enabled some of the airline’s channels of distribution to reduce their workforce’s participation since most explanations that the online customers may require are available on its website and that of its online travel agencies. It also enables the airline to efficiently coordinate its network of distribution channel s and therefore bring its products to the ultimate customers. Product Positioning Internet has enabled Continental Airlines achieve market positioning by enabling it to continuously monitor its online customers’ preferences and characteristics. This gives the organisation the ability to focus on value creation to meet its customers’ preferences (Finney and Spake 6). The internet plays a role in helping the organisation form relationships with both its non-loyal and loyal customers. It provides its online customers with an interactive channel through the online agencies and thus enabling the airline adopt marketing perspectives which enable it deliver customer-specific products and brands thereby achieving greater sales volume. The internet enable airlines to center their product fares and brands to customers by designing more appealing offers since they better understand their customers’ characteristics (Finney and Spake 8). Internet enables the airline to achie ve value creation through its market offerings which enables it acquire market positioning. Market Research and Market Analysis The internet enables the airline to acquire information on the characteristics of its customers, particularly online customers. These characteristics are used to carry out quantitative analysis of the customer characteristics on its marketing and sales volume. The airline focuses its research on customer behavior, its pricing, and its marketing strategy among many other dimensions. The results are analysed to determine the best means to ensure value creation and price differentiation to its customers through its fare products and market brands. The information available from the airline’s database reflecting its online customers is used to classify the customers into more homogeneous groups and therefore effectively analyse and design fare products and brands which best meet the customers’ preference and which also enables the company to sell its products and inventory. Market Targeting and Segmentation The airline carries out customer characteristic analysis through its online distribution channels and therefore classifies the customers into more homogeneous groups. It therefore designs customer-specific fare products that target the specific groups of customers which enable it apply price differentiation. It structures its fares into various fare products and restrictions which meets the preferences of its online customers. It applies restrictions to enable it achieve market segmentation. Failures in Continental’s Marketing Strategy The airline has failed to completely restrict its online customers from exploring the low fare products during peek days. This has been the major factor that contributes to the company’s low revenue collection from its online distribution channels. Online distribution channels limit Continental Airlines’ ability to effectively apply its price distribution and as a resul t, reduce its revenue collection. The airline’s inability to completely restrict ticket fares to all its customers enables online customers to purchase lower ticket fares than higher ticket fares. Thus, while internet marketing enhances product as well as price transparency to customers, it causes greater price sensitivity among customers, thereby lowering revenue collection by business organisations. Studies that have been done to determine the effect of internet purchases on the revenue collection have shown that internet purchases generally yields lower revenues as compared to offline channels of distributions. The customers utilise the internet’s search capabilities, the transparency enhanced by the internet and also control the internet to purchase find less expensive seats thereby increasing their utility. The airline has also not been able to achieve customer loyalty from most of its online customers. The study shows that most of the online customers are not bra nd loyal. Summary The paper discusses the Continental Airline’s effectiveness in exploring the use of online-based marketing. The paper discusses the purpose and scope of the study and also carries out a literature review of William Brunger ‘s journal. The paper explores the evolving role of marketing, the use of internet in channel management as well as in product pricing and management. The paper also discusses the use of internet in marketing segmentation, targeting as well as positioning, it also analyses the use of the internet in marketing research and analysis. Finally, the paper discusses the failures of Continental Airlines in using internet. Conclusion Internet has changed the market strategies employed by organisations as well as the sales volume realised by organisations. It gives online customers the transparency and the capacity to explore all the available product prices and company brands and therefore make choices that meet their preferences and economi c abilities thereby giving them more control over company’s products. Online marketing also gives organisations the opportunity to increase the market positioning and therefore increase their market shares. Brunger, William. Revenue and Pricing Management. London: JINFORMS Revenue Management, 2010. Print. Finney, Zachary and Spake, Debora. Lost in transition? The human influence on  marketing’s emerging service-dominant logic. Journal of Management and Marketing Research. Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 2010. Print. Heinonen, Kristina, Strandvik, Tore and Voima, Paivi. Exploring customer valueformation: A customer dominant Logic Perspective. Hanken: Hanken School of Economics, 2010. Print. Lane, Leonard and Verlinda, Jeremy. The Effect of the Internet on Pricing in the Airline Industry. California: University of California Press, 2004. Print.

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Multicultural Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Cambodian Genocide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cambodian Genocide - Essay Example This genocide had a devastating effect to the people of Cambodia. An estimated 25% of the total population was killed. In addition, property worth billions was destroyed. Moreover, this genocide brought unprecedented suffering to the people of Cambodia. This caused psychological trauma to those who survived it. Mass graves were discovered later and the unearthed bones are preserved in memory of those who died in the genocide. In this paper, I will focus on Pol Pot’s ideology leading him to reconstruct Cambodia as well as the extermination of all those who were a formal threat to his success in achieving his mission. History of Cambodia before Genocide Cambodia, an Asian country, gained independence in the year 1953 after being ruled by the French for more than 100 years (Moses 224). It is famous due to its temples back in the 12th century. After independence, in the 1960s, Cambodia had a population of around 7 million people. 95% of the total population belonged to Buddhism re ligion. At this time, the country was under the rule of Prince Sihanouk. He continued to rule the country until 1970 when he was ousted from power through a military coup. Lon Nol, who was a lieutenant general came to power and was made the president. In retaliation, Prince Sihanouk joined his army with that of Khmer Rouge and started attacking Lon Nol’s army. ... Cambodia then became a battlefield. On the other hand, Pol Pot led Khmer Rouge, the guerrilla organization. Pol Pot was born in 1925 in central Cambodia. By that time, Cambodia was part of France (Bergin 9). When still young in his early 20s, Pol went to Paris, France where he pursued his education. He never cleared his studies as he joined Marxism and lost his scholarship. Pol Pot envied the Chinese communism. In 1962, Pol pot was leading the Cambodian Communist Party. Prince Sihanouk was not happy with Pol Pot affiliation. Pol Pot had to flee from Prince Sihanouk; he went to the jungle. In the jungle, Khmer Rouge, an armed movement headed by Pol Pot, was created. He defeated Prince Sihanouk in 1976 and he became the premier. Pol Pot believed that farmers were the best people in the world. He particularly admired the Chinese communism, and he believed in it. He tried to introduce this to his country, and he treated those who opposed him with brutality (Munyas 427). In fact, he belie ved that the more he killed the better since he was helping to purify the country. Khmer Rouge was the tool that Pol Pot used to rule Cambodia by an iron fist. The army was used to enforce his policies. Cambodia During he Genocide After successfully overthrowing the government, the Khmer group developed a mission for the country (Maguire 44). It wanted to incorporate the Mao, a Chinese communism model. Its approach was extreme and according to the group, it was the ideal way for the country to move on. Pol Pot and his group did not give a chance to the Cambodians to choose what they wanted. Instead, the population was forced to work on large farms. The group was ruthless with anyone who tried to go against it. All un-communists were